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Before the invention of the steam engine
global commerce consisted mainly in the exchange
of commodities between the Temperate zone and the Tropics.
The commodities desired
were mostly articles of luxurious consumption
- sugar, tea,
coffee, indigo, opium, and the spices. Individual countries
produced sufficient food for local consumption.
As all
manufactured products were wrought by hand each country could supply its own
needs.
Commerce enriched the nations which
carried on trade and made its merchants wealthy.
The
Phoenicians, the pre-eminent merchants, possessed a
monopoly on trade for two
thousand years.
Egypt's share of the trade traffic from central Africa
created its great wealth.
In the
age of Solomon, the Jews possessed the
Eastern end of the trade traffic
for a generation and considered it the
chief glory of Solomon's reign.
The power of the Assyrian Empire was largely based
upon the possession of the Eastern end of this
commerce.
The
conquests of the Assyrian Empire
along the Mediterranean broke up the old line of the trade by way of the Red
Sea.
To obtain possession of this
commerce was the aim of the conquests
of Nebuchadnezzar of the
Chaldean Dynasty who freed the Babylonians from Assyrian rule, conquered
Judah and Jeruselam, and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar
carried the trade commerce through
Babylon, and up the Euphrates, across Syria and Asia Minor, and gave the
Western end of the traffic to the Lydians and the Ionian Greeks.
The
possession of the Western end of the trade commerce
awakened the slumbering
Greek culture which then
flowered.
The hostility
of the Greeks to Persia, which caused the burning of Sardis, and led to the
Persian wars, no doubt originated in the
fact that Persia gave the trade commerce back to the Phoenicians, who
restored it to its old route by way of the Red Sea.
After the Christian
Era, the Venetians took possession of the trade
commerce and it made them the great
merchant princes of the Middle Ages.
The discovery of the passage
around Cape Good Hope gave the trade commerce into the hands of the Portuguese
who closely guarded their topographic knowledge for a century.
Then the
Dutch, the French and the English organized trading companies which competed
with each other for the possession of the East India trade.
In 1708
Moses Montefiore and Nathan Mayer Rothschild
loaned the British Treasury £3,200,000 (used to service the debt owed the
privately operated Bank of England operated by Nathan Mayer Rothschild), in return for an
exclusive grant of trading privileges with all countries of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans, between Cape Horn and Cape Good Hope for the newly chartered
joint stock corporation
which Rothschild controlled - the British
East India Company. (Moses Montefiore married Judith Cohen daughter of Levi
Barent Cohen. Judith's sister Henriette Cohen married
Nathan Mayer Rothschild.)
{The
syndicate of the soulless always
operate through joint stock
corporations in order to conceal their ownership and avoid personal
responsibility.}
The British East
India Company opened a trading station in Canton in 1715 importing opium
and tobacco into China. The British wanted silk. The Chinese would only take
silver bullion in trade for silk. British silver reserves became depleted. So
the British started importing opium from India and obtained an opium monopoly
by 1773. By only excepting silver in exchange for opium British silver reserves
were restored.
In 1729, rising opium use in China prompted an imperial
edict that forbade the sale of opium for smoking purposes.
Two Opium Wars
took place from 1839 to 1842 and then again 1856 to 1860.
A
corporation is started in
mercantile or other business by persons associated in a
joint stock corporation.
The founders of corporations issue stock in the corporation in exchange for
operating capitial. In exchange for the capital the business originators are
usually required to provide security for the loan which typically consists of a
promise to turn over ownership
interests in the new corporation in the case of a loan default.
{The worship of Mammon requires the profit driven behavior of
corporatism. This disease started when the British Crown granted exclusive
rights of trade with India to the British East India Company. British East
India Company raped India stealing Indian wealth and impoverishing the Indian
people forcing them from their ancestral village homes to work plantations
carved out of jungle.
Later came Standard Oil, which controlled 70% of
the world market in oil by 1890. The same Standard Oil (Exxon now ExxonMobil)
that later provided the Germans with the ability to synthesize oil from coal
and the formula for tetraethyl lead for aviation fuel. Germany could not have
fought the WWII without these gifts from Standard Oil.
You see, the
corporatists play both sides in war as profits are to be made and the worship
of Mammon requires substantial profit streams.
A corporation can be
socially responsible but only if that social responsibility is written into the
corporate charter.
Unfortunately the worshipers of Mammon shun
investment in socially responsible corporations.
The people of Earth
and the Earth itself are being consumed by concept in the form of a legal
construct - the corporation. The people of Earth must throw off the shackles of
ingrained conditioned parochial thinking and come up with socially responsible
ways of caring for ourselves that does not rely on the psychopathological
methods of externalization of costs employed by the corporatists.
After
all the psychopathological reality of the corporation is impoverishing the vast
majority of the peoples of Earth and is killing vast quantities of life on
Earth in the sixth great extinction.}
Superior nautical skill
gave British vessels so great an advantage in naval combats that Britain gained
maritime supremacy.
The British
East India Company prospered, not only by the usual gains of commercial
trade, but also by taking possession of the trading stations of its commercial
rivals which were dispossessed by a conquest paid for by the British
government and financed by the syndicate
of the soulless.
In the great Seven Years' War, from 1757 to 1764,
Great Britain dispossessed France of all her colonial possessions.
In
India through the genius of Clive the British East India Company laid the
foundation of its imperial greatness.
Historical authorities date the
rise of the British East India
Company to imperial power at the
victory of Plassy in 1757.
By 1764 the
British East India Company was an
empire exercising imperial sway in Bengal over a territory containing a
population of forty million yielding larger revenue streams than those of the
Austrian empire - at that time the greatest European
power.
By 1764, the
British East India Company, the
wealthiest corporation in the
world, ruled a territorial empire.
The
success of the
British East India Company in India
rested on trickery, wrong, exaction, theft, robbery and
murder. As a
joint stock corporation
no individual was held responsible.
With the Mogul empire in the last
stages of decay the British East India
Company constantly shifted its ground as
expediency required, sometimes
treating the Princes of India as independent states, and sometimes, as
dependencies of the Mogul empire.
The
British East India Company provided
mercenaries to a native prince, to enable him to
conquer another - selling favors on
every side. When the opportunity came, the
British East India Company devoured
the treasures and the territory of friends and foes alike
raping India in the process. This set
the stage for the corporations of the future giving them the ability to follow
in the footsteps of the greatest criminal empire the world had ever
known.
History presents no career of
conquest, in which fraud, deceit and
rapine were so well used as in the conquest of India by the
British East India Company.
This was the first example in the history of the
world of a trading corporation becoming an
imperial power.
The imperial
rule of the British East India
Company was marked by the rapacity, chicane and fraud that characterizes a
great corporation in the soulless and conscienceless pursuit of gain - a
corporation run as a division of the syndicate of the soulless.
From
1764, the British East India Company
had control of the mercantile trade
between the Temperate zone and the Tropics.
The
British East India Company continued
its occupation of India until the Sepoy mutiny.
The
British East India Company then
involved the British government in the administration of India.
The
syndicate of the soulless found by
experience that it was better for them
to monopolize industry, commerce and wealth under the protection of a government
controlled by them, than to exercise
territorial sovereignty themselves much as corporations do today by having
the American government through the military
enforce private contracts, provide bailouts, grant
subsidies and make
regulatory decrees.
By
this time the syndicate of the
soulless controlled and possessed a
massively capitalized corporate empire without parallel in the annals of
world history.
The
British East India Company finally
obtained an opium monopoly in Bengal in 1773 and in Bombay in 1830. From the
1770s the British East India Company
began heavier trade in Canton, often trading opium for tea. Under pressure from
the Chinese government, the British East
India Company stopped exporting opium directly to China in 1796 and began
selling in Calcutta to private merchants, who then delivered the opium to
China.
"China legalized opium after the Second Opium War yielding to
British pressure. The East India Company kept records of opium exports from
India to China throughout the 1800s even though importation into China, and
consumption within China, were prohibited until 1858. Exportation occurred
before this date because third party entrepreneurs purchased the opium in India
and smuggled it into China. If China's prohibition of opium reduced consumption
to a substantial degree, legalization should have increased exports from India
to China unless legalization spurred production within China. In that case,
however, Chinese substitution of domestic for imported opium should have
reduced the export price of Indian opium. The evidence suggests that the
legalization of opium had little effect on the price of opium or the quantity
of opium imported." - Chris Feige & Jeffrey A. Miron April, 2005
In
1774, James Watt, improving on the design of the Newcomen engine, perfected the
steam engine which soon replaced the natural power sources of wind and water.
The steam engine was set to work on the newly invented power loom, the spinning
Jenny and the cotton gin, and most importantly, in transportation.
At
this time Great Britain was the only country in Europe which had coal and iron
for steam purposes.
The syndicate of the soulless, owners of
the British East India Company, were
the only ones in the world with capital to engage in the new industry as all
the other great trading companies had been destroyed by British conquest.
Through the experiences of the British East India Company the
syndicate of the soulless learned
that large corporations were unwieldy and adopted the policy of single
corporate companies for each specific enterprise.
It was much easier to
operate small corporations, or divisions, and a few individuals could hold the
stock of a great number of small corporations without exciting jealousy.
To manage the different corporations the
syndicate of the soulless formed
their joint stock corporations into the regiments of an army - brigades and
divisions, each dependent on the other, so as to give them the compact solidity
of a imperial military organization. This newly commercialized corporate
mercantilism had the flexibility of individual enterprise with the solidity of
the despotism of the syndicate of the
soulless.
The syndicate of
the soulless organized new joint stock corporations which built factories
of all kinds - iron mills, woolen mills, cotton mills; vessels to plow the
waters of every ocean, warehouses to store trade goods and they established new
trading stations all over the Earth.
Commerce had languished in
previous ages as the Temperate zone had not sufficient cheap products suited to
tropical demand to offer in exchange for tropical productions.
The
power of steam opened up a new commercial era.
Commerce and industry
blossomed.
A wave of excitement swept over Great Britain sparking an
industrial boom.
Individuals with money invested in the stock of
manufacturing corporations, shipping and trading corporations.
When the Constitution of the United States of America was
ratified on June 21, 1788 the Contract
Clause guaranteed the inviolability of sales and financing contracts to
encouraged an inflow of foreign capital by reducing the risk of loss to foreign
merchants trading with and investing in the former colonies.
In 1810 the
Supreme Court ruled in Fletcher v. Peck, the first ruling to overturn
state law, that the Contract Clause of
the Constitution could not be invalidated, even if the contract was
illegally secured.
In corporations for steam manufactures, the
syndicate of the soulless made sure
to have the majority of stock: outside corporations could be devoured at
leisure as the syndicate of the
soulless had an unmitigated advantage in their perfected organizational
system backed by immense capital reserves.
Commercial "crises" were most often originated and always manipulated
by the syndicate of the soulless.
A commercial "crisis" always comes in the form of a money crunch - chicken
little says the sky is falling, and then, amazingly it does - loans are called,
non-renwal of credit lines become prominent = credit crunch - "Sorry sir , you
fail to meet underwriting criteria!"
The
syndicate of the soulless manages to
systematically break down rival companies - they force down the value of rival
companies by flooding the market with cheaper goods - when stock values become
depressed they buy out failing minority
stockholders.
The
syndicate of the soulless has
reduced to a system, scientifically conceived and artfully executed, crushing
of rival businesses and freezing out of minority
stockholders.
The
syndicate of the soulless always
pours capital into fledgling enterprises ( If you are a member of their
exclusive country club you can be a
"nobody" who becomes a "somebody" - thus perpetuating the rags to riches
nonsense. Anyone can make an enterprise boom - especially a targeted
one - when they are loaned $100 million at no interest (small market = cartel),
granted limitless advertisements in product placements (think alcohol,
tobacco, "designer" clothes, nightclubs
& swing joints, most of 20th century courtesy Hollywood), as "news" and as
infomericials. This always creates a surge in public interest, due to the
extensive "news" coverage, which creates a boom in every new enterprise able to
enlist unlimited outside capital at no interest. (Central
bankers have a money tree for ideological brethern and
family!) )
During the Panic of 1837 Moses Taylor* doubled his fortune when many
Americans were going bankrupt during an abrupt
contraction of credit - more than half the business firms in New York
failed.
In 1855, Moses Taylor became president of City Bank.
During the Panic of 1857,
City Bank profited by purchasing floundering competitors as Moses Taylor seemed
to have an unlimited supply of cash for buying up
distressed stocks as did George Peabody and
Junius Spencer Morgan,
John Pierpont Morgan's father.
Moses Taylor purchased nearly all the stock of Delaware Lackawanna
Railroad for $5 a share. Seven years later, it was selling for $240 a share.
Moses Taylor net worth was now fifty million dollars.
"For such
qualities of conservatism and purity, George
Peabody and Company, the old tree out of which the House of Morgan grew,
was famous. In the Panic of 1857, when
depreciated securities had been thrown on the market by distressed investors
in America, Peabody and the elder
Morgan, being in possession of cash, had purchased such bonds as possessed real
value freely, and then resold them at a large advance when sanity was
restored." - Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons 1934
"One of
the high water marks of the successful Rothschild-Peabody Morgan business venture was the
Panic of 1857. It had been twenty years since
the Panic of 1857: its lessons had been
forgotten by hordes of eager investors who were anxious to invest the
profits of a developing
America. It was time to fleece them
again. The stock market operates like
a wave washing up on the beach. It sweeps with it many minuscule creatures who
derive all of their life support from the oxygen
and water of the wave. They coast along at the crest of the "Tide of
Prosperity". Suddenly the wave, having reached the high water mark on the
beach, recedes, leaving all of the creatures gasping on the sand. Another wave
may come in time to save them, but in all likelihood it will not come as far,
and some of the sea creatures are doomed. In the same manner, waves of
prosperity, fed by newly created money, through
an artificial contraction of credit,
recedes, leaving those it had borne high to gasp and die without hope of
salvation." - Eustice Mullins
In every country of the Temperate zone,
the demand for British manufactured goods was much greater than could be paid
for by exports. The difference in the balance of trade was always
systematically arranged by lending money on mortgage for that amount, or by
spending the amount of the deficit in starting some business enterprise in that
country.
In this way, the adverse balance of trade was not felt by the
country falling behind. It bought all it wanted, and the adverse balance of
trade actually made times better; for it caused the
profits of the
syndicate of the soulless to be
invested in the country, stimulating business into activity. The only
disadvantage was that the business investment did not belong to the nation but
to the syndicate of the soulless.
The prosperity created was not national prosperity but was the bloated gains of
the syndicate of the soulless.
This has been the regular method of the
syndicate of the soulless.
Starting new manufactures, new shipping
corporations, new trading
corporations: getting in
all the outside capital possible, and then freezing out minority
stockholders and
throttling competitors; getting all the nations in
debt and making parasite investments to
the amount of the deficit of the balance of trade.
The immense profits realized enabled the
syndicate of the soulless to loan
the money necessary on both sides to sustain the immense armaments of the wars
of the French Revolution. The syndicate
of the soulless supplied Napoleon and his allies the loans necessary for
his campaigns while also loaning money to the countries that stood in
Napoleon's path.
By this time the
syndicate of the soulless was
operating five separate central banks in London, Paris, Naples, Frankfurt and
Vienna.
When Napoleon fell, there remained but one grand imperialism in
the world - the imperialism of massive capital - the
syndicate of the soulless centered
it's power in London.
Little progress was made in applying steam to
transportation until the mines of California, Australia, the Rocky Mountains,
Mexico and South America added hundreds of millions of dollars to the
circulating currency of the world. After twenty years of stagnation the newly
mined gold and silver that was put into currency circulation created
transportation building on a massive scale. The
syndicate of the soulless greatly
enlarged its operations in the new age of steam transportation. When they made
more profits than were needed
for investments - for the profits of the
syndicate of the soulless always
grew faster than the wants of commerce - they invested their surplus
profits in various countries,
in lands, in city houses, in building new railroads; and in buying vast bodies
of lands in the Tropics, on which they opened up immense plantations, for the
growth of coffee, tea, indigo, rice, opium, spices, and all tropical
productions; tea plantations in China; coffee plantations in Java and Ceylon;
sheep ranches in Australia, South Africa and South America; sugar plantations
in the West Indies and the Sandwich Islands; gold and silver mines in
California, the Rocky Mountains, Australia, Mexico, and South America; diamond
mines in India, and South Africa and Brazil; ruby mines in Burma ; lumber mills
in Canada, the United States, Norway, Sweden and Poland; city buildings in all
countries; and railroads all over the world.
Ownership of railroads
gave to the syndicate of the
soulless entire control of the internal traffic of any nation whose
railroads they had mortgaged. Railroad ownership enabled them to make hundreds
of millions of dollars in speculations on town lots at points on the railroads
known beforehand only to the agents of the
syndicate of the soulless.
"The once pastoral landscape of America, quiet and undisturbed, was now
pierced by the sight and sound of a mechanical marvel, the locomotive and its
trailing cars... wherever tracks were hammered down, business was sure to
follow. Sometimes whole towns were planned around a railroad track...buildings
that had once been inns and taverns catering to the stagecoach trade became
rail depots...a new social caste system was spreading in the wake of the
railroad. Now there was a 'right side' and a 'wrong side' of the tracks. The
right and wrong side of the tracks was determined by which way the wind blew
the sooty, black engine smoke." - Leonard Everett Fisher
In 1864, armed with the immense capital derived from all its
sources of wealth, the syndicate of the
soulless began investments in mortgages in
real estate and began its
career of monopolizing whole branches of industry and vast lines of trade. The
massive capital of the syndicate of the
soulless had become so vast that they were able to expand into mortgaging
and purchasing property including huge bodies of wild lands and to begin the
purchase of sustenance industries - improved farms, breweries, flour mills, meat packing and
lumber mills.
The syndicate of
the soulless, over time, gradually gains control of all productive industry. The
syndicate of the soulless does this
by reducing prices to the lowest point that yields subsistence to the laborer
thus keeping the population on the verge of starvation.
We know from the Irish famines, that a
modern famine is not a dearth of food, so much as the lack of means to buy
bread. During one of the famines in Ireland, an American vessel entering the
harbor of Cork with provisions sent by American charity to the starving Irish,
met two vessels sailing out of the harbor laden with food sent from Ireland to
a foreign market. The millions who have perished of hunger since the founding
of the British East India Company
were the victims of the
syndicate of the soulless decreasing
the value of labor and increasing the value of commodities. With unlimited
funds from "profitable investments" the syndicate of the soulless made immense
land investments in India purchasing the very rich delta lands along the
streams of the alluvial plains of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers which
stretched from the sea to the foot of the Himalaya Mountains. Offering the
alternative of emigration to the new plantations or starvation the Indian
populace was turned into a race of serfs who would till the soil for wages
barely sufficient for subsistence. Produce grown at starvation wages flooded
world markets forcing down the price of products all over the Earth to the
pauper standard of labor.
"Our system of
money, the very symbol of
wealth, creates scarcity in the midst of
this plenty. To what end? The purpose of money, after all, is first and foremost
to facilitate exchange." -
Charles
Eisenstein
"The current money system obliges us to incur debt
collectively, and to compete with others in the community, just to obtain the
means to perform exchanges between us." - Bernard Lietaer
{In March 2009 Americans Feeding
Americans Emergency Caravan brought 13 semitrailers with more than $2.1
million worth of food, enough to help sustain about 5,200 families for a week,
to Elkhart, Indiana. Agriculture in Indiana is a large and diverse industry
that plays a vital role in the economic stability of Indiana, with 63,000 farms
containing 15,400,000 acres of farmland. In 2001, cash receipts from the sale
of crops and livestock reached $5.1 billion. In the same year, Indiana ranked
14th in the United States in cash receipts from the sale of all commodities;
crop sales amounted to $3.2 billion; and livestock sales totaled $1.8 billion.
In 2002 the state produced over 631 million bushels of corn for grain,
ranking 5th in the United States. Indiana also grew over 235 million
bushels of soybeans, the 4th most in the nation. The monoculture is unable to
feed the very people that it surrounds!}
"If things go on, in a
few years more the Money Kings will own a wider
empire of farming lands in the United States
than in India; and the American
farmer will be reduced to the condition of
the Hindoo peasant laborer working for a few cents a day, or he may look on and
see the lands he has lost cultivated by Chinese and Hindoo (or Mexican). We
shall be reduced to the condition
of slaves. There is a bottomless pit
before us. The Money Power is
preparing to plunge us into it." - L.B. Woolfolk 1890
The syndicate of the
soulless ruined business men everywhere taking possession of their business
and property.
In Europe, in Asia, in Africa, in South America, in
Mexico, in Canada, in Australia, and in the Islands of the Pacific.
The
constant pursuit of the monopolization of industry, trade and business
succeeded while ruining free people engaged in independent enterprise.
In 1860, two-thirds of the shipping tonnage leaving New York harbor was
in American ships. Three years later foreign shipping, especially that of Great
Britain, carried three-quarters of the trade.
"By the time the CSS
Shenandoah lowered its flag, 715 American vessels had been transferred to
the British flag to escape capture or
bankruptcy." - Lynn
Schooler
While America had our
commercial marine, Americans received
the ruling price in the foreign port for American produce; and the
profits were
divided between the
American producer, the
American merchant who exported the
produce, and the American ship owner who
carried it.
After the Civil War the
syndicate of the soulless realized
all the profits beyond
American shores. The first step in the
encroachments of the syndicate of the
soulless upon our national industries, was their overthrow of the great New
York wholesale merchants.
"I only found it out in 1880, when I spent
some time in New York city. The man at whose house I boarded told me one day in
conversation that he had been rich, but had failed in business: he then
obtained support by taking boarders . "Misery loves company," said he ; "and
the only consolation I have is that all the tall trees of the forest fell, when
I went down . Why sir, not more than three or four business men in New York,
who were prominent in business before the War, are in business now. They all
failed. Nobody knew what hurt them, business took new channels, their business
left them and they went broke. How business changed in New York since the War
is incomprehensible to everybody," he continued meditatively." - L.B. Woolfolk
The syndicate of the
soulless who owned the English manufactures and the mercantile shipping
houses started branch houses in New York filled with high quality goods. In
order to monopolize trade the drummer system, originated in England, was
brought to America and most of the trade of the country ended up moving through
the New York branch houses. The Western and Southern merchants had been in the
habit of visiting New York City, once or twice a year, to buy new stocks of
goods. But now, the drummers, agents of the
syndicate of the soulless, offered
the Southern and Western merchants goods, by sample, of better quality, and at
lower prices, than they could get them in New York. The old New York merchants
failed and retired from business as they could no longer compete with the rock
bottom prices.
{George Herbert ( "Bert" ) Walker,
for whom George H.W. Bush was named, was the son of a dry goods wholesaler who
had thrived on imports from England. The British connection had paid for Walker
summer houses in Santa Barbara, California, and at "Walker's Point" at
Kennebunkport, Maine.}
The withdrawal of capital from America by the
syndicate of the soulless through
monopolized goods created a cash shortage so the railroads had to be built with
debt.
When two cities wished to
link themselves with a railroad, they issued bonds to the extent of their
credit: they induced all the counties along the line to issue bonds. When these
bonds were sold the syndicate of the
soulless bought them up. When the road-bed, or a considerable part of it
was completed, the syndicate of the
soulless would furnish the iron and rolling stock secured by first mortgage
bonds.
"I recollect that in 1855 to 1857, one of our cities was making
tremendous efforts to build a railroad reaching toward a great business center.
After two or three efforts made with intervals of deep despondency, over one
hundred miles of the road-bed was at last completed; and one of the most
distinguished citizens of the state was sent to London, to negotiate for the
iron for the road. He succeeded in his object; but, being a man of enlarged
views, he came back astounded. He said he found men from all over the world in
London on the same business as himself : all wishing to get iron for railroads,
at $10,000 a mile, secured on first mortgage bonds: and they all got the iron .
He said, " These London capitalists are sure to get the railroads for the first
mortgage bonds; and no man can foresee the consequences . It will certainly
work a mighty change in the condition of the earth, when these capitalists get
possession of all the land transportation of the world. No man can tell what
the result will be." We are now seeing some of the evils which this statesman
of a generation ago dimly foreshadowed ." - L.B. Woolfolk
The
syndicate of the soulless took
ownership of the railroads by foreclosing the first mortgage bonds.
John Bidall Martin, Lombard street, London, gained ownership through
foreclosure of the Erie railroad and the Wabash railroad systems. Most of these
first mortgage bonds carried usurous rates - so high that all
profits go directly to the
bond holders as interest payments. An objection may be presented here, that
many American railroads, and those the most valuable, were owned by Americans:
that the Vanderbilts owned the New York Central system - that Jay Gould owned a
large system in his own right - that Tom Scott owned the Pennsylvania Central -
that Garrett owned the Baltimore and Ohio - and that Huntingdon owned the
Chesapeake and Ohio and its connections.
The truth is the American
"railroad kings" were agents of the syndicate of the soulless.
In
1873, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk were full partners in the ownership of the New
York and Erie R.R. Holding $23,000,000 of railroad stocks, they were thought to
be worth over $10,000,000 each. Jay Gould and Jim Fisk were full partners. When
Jim Fisk was killed, in 1873, he was thought to be worth around $11,000,000, as
he was holding that amount of railroad stock. At the settlement of Jim Fisk's
estate his family received only a few thousand dollars.
In 1873, Jay
Gould could hardly have been worth more than his partner, Jim Fisk. In the hard
times that followed 1873, nobody in America could make much money.
In
1878 Jay Gould went out West with forty million dollars according to the
newspapers and bought ten thousand miles of railroad. The Wabash System is
one-half of the ten thousand miles of railroad in the Gould System. Some years
ago, the Wabash System became embarrassed, and was placed in the hands of a
receiver. Mr. Gould no doubt supposed that it might affect his credit for the
American people to suppose that he could not sustain the credit of his
railroads; so he had an interview with a New York reporter in which he said
that much the greater number of the
stockholders of the
Wabash System were in Great Britain and only a few in the United States. The
rest of the ten thousand miles of the Gould System consists of the Missouri
Pacific, the Missouri Kansas and Texas, the Texas Pacific, and the Iron
Mountain Railroads. The Texas Pacific did not belong to Jay Gould, for its
stockholders have had it
taken out of the Gould System by process of law. The Missouri Kansas and Texas
did not belong to him; for its
stockholders also, have
brought suit and withdrawn the railroad from the Gould System . Jay Gould had
an interview with a reporter in which he stated that he held more stock in the
Missouri Pacific than all his other investments put together. The Missouri
Pacific is a railroad three hundred miles long, running from St. Louis to
Kansas City.
When we find one of the ostensible great owners of a grand
railroad system to be merely an agent of the
syndicate of the soulless, it gives
rise to a strong presumption that the other reputed owners of great railroad
systems are also merely agents of the syndicate of the soulless.
{"It was in the decades following our Civil War that
our industries began to burgeon. We had great railroads to build. The oil,
mining, steel, textile industries were bursting out of their swaddling-clothes.
All of that called for vast financing; much of that financing had to come from
abroad. That meant the House of Rothschild and that was when Jacob Schiff came
into his own. He played a very crafty game.
Jacob Schiff became the
patron-saint of John D. Rockefeller, Edward R. Harriman, and Andrew Carnegie.
He financed the Standard Oil Company for Rocky, the Railroad Empire for
Harriman, and the Steel Empire for Carnegie. But instead of hogging all the
other industries for Kuhn, Loeb, and Company, he opened the doors of the House
of Rothschild to Morgan, Biddle, and Drexel.
In turn; Rothschild
arranged the setting-up of London, Paris, European and other branches for those
three; but always in partnerships with Rothschild subordinates and Rothschild
made it very clear to all those men that Jacob Schiff was to be the boss in New
York.
Thus at the turn of the century Jacob Schiff had a tight control
of the entire banking-fraternity on Wall Street which by then included Lehman
brothers, Goldman-Sachs, and other internationalist banks that where headed by
men chosen by the Rothschilds. In short; that meant control of the nation's
money-powers and he was then ready for the giant step - the entrapment of our
national money-system. - Myron Fagan"}
Commodore Vanderbilt, originally a poor man, first rose
into prominence as the manager of a line of steamers, running in the Isthmus
route from New York to San Francisco. When Commodore Vanderbilt quit the ship
line and went into Wall Street
speculation in railroad stocks, he was worth only one million dollars.
Commodore Vanderbilt could not have been the owner of the steamship
line as it was worth much more than one million dollars.
Commodore
Vanderbilt was always buying railroad stocks and seemed to have an unlimited
purse. Nobody knew where Commodore Vanderbilt got his money. Frequently
Commodore Vanderbilt had the whole of Wall Street against him, but he was
always able to put down any combination that was formed against him. Commodore
Vanderbilt was constantly opposed by Daniel Drew, who was worth $15,000,000. It
is idle to suppose that Commodore Vanderbilt was able to carry his vast
operations through, with the one million dollars he was worth when he went into
Wall Street.
Many of the
operators there who combined against him were each far richer than he.
Commodore Vanderbilt bought out Harlem, a little railroad some twenty
odd miles long, the whole world was astonished that one man was able to buy and
own an entire railroad. Commodore Vanderbilt soon afterwards bought the Hudson
River railroad, and the New York Central; and he continued to purchase
railroads, until he owned a grand system extending far into the Northwest. It
was impossible for Commodore Vanderbilt to have conducted his immense
operations with his own limited capital .
At his death, Commodore
Vanderbilt was reputed to be worth one hundred million dollars.
In his
will Commodore Vanderbilt divided out only three and one half millions among
his children, all he was really worth. On Commodore Vanderbilt's death his son,
William Henry Vanderbilt, immediately transferred a controlling interest in the
New York Central System to a syndicate of New York capitalists representing
syndicate of the soulless for
$50,000,000; which William Henry Vanderbilt at once invested in four per cent
United States bonds.
The transaction is contrary to all the laws of
human motive.
The stock made him a railroad magnate - one of the most
influential men in America.
A man owning a grand railroad system under
his own absolute control would not jeopardize his interests, by selling a
controlling interest to foreign capitalists. Nor would an astute financier like
William Henry Vanderbilt have sold a controlling interest in a grand railroad
system which must have been paying much more than four percent to invest the
money in four percent bonds. Nor does it accord with the pride of a railroad
magnate thus to abdicate power especially since William Henry Vanderbilt was a
haughty irritable man exceedingly indiscreet in his utterances. Those four
percent bonds were deposited in London, in the banking house of John Bidall
Martin in Lombard street.
"Damn the people! I do not run my roads for
the benefit of the people."- William Henry Vanderbilt
The provisions of
the will of William Henry Vanderbilt bear out the idea that he was an agent of
the syndicate of the soulless.
William Henry Vanderbilt divided his property among his children more
equally than his father had done; but he gave to one son $56,000,000, a
controlling interest in the railroad system; and he provided that all the
property should remain together. The syndicate of the soulless pay
their agents, American aristocracy, well.
Their rule is to give them a large, though minority interest, in the
property they manage.
The position of Commodore Vanderbilt, and later,
of Jay Gould, and William Henry Vanderbilt, would give the
syndicate of the soulless vast
opportunities of making a great deal of money for themselves in operations on
Wall Street.
Tom Scott
was the reputed owner of the Pennsylvania Central but at his death his heirs
did not become owners of that railroad system.
At the time the Central
Pacific Railroad was projected, C. P. Huntingdon was a grocer with limited
means in San Francisco. Theodore Judah, C. P. Huntingdon, Leland Stanford, Mark
Hopkins built the Central Pacific Railroad. Many facts indicate that they were
merely the agents of the syndicate of
the soulless. The United States government aid was only paid when a
stipulated number of miles of railway had been completed: the men in the
construction company had not the means to do so much work before receiving the
government subsidy.
All Americans who have a grand enterprise in hand
go to the syndicate of the soulless
to get the money to accomplish it.
Due in large part to Theodore
Judah's lobbying, Congress passed and President Lincoln signed the Pacific
Railroad Act of 1862.
"The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 chartered the
Union Pacific Railroad, and provided for it to build westward from the Missouri
River in Nebraska to a meeting with the Central Pacific reaching eastward from
Sacramento. It also granted the two railroads 10 square miles of public land
(later increased to twenty) for every mile of track laid, and loans in
Government bonds of $16,000 to $48,000 per mile, depending on the topography.
The Union Pacific was being financed by a construction company called "Credit
Mobilier" headed up by Thomas C. Durant. The engineer designing the railroad
gave Thomas C. Durant a price tag of 3 million dollars for the first 100
miles.
Thomas C. Durant then gave a contract to Credit Mobilier for 5
million dollars while "holding the company only to the original 3 million
dollar specifications." When the engineer resigned in protest, Major General
Grenville M. Dodge was recruited from the United States Army to replace him.
Greed and corruption continued with a few key people becoming quite wealthy at
the expense of the Union Pacific.
The financial wrangling of the
Central Pacific was also quite questionable, but their books were never
reviewed. C.P. Huntingdon claimed they had been destroyed when the construction
company disbanded. The investigators concluded, nevertheless, that the Big Four
had benefitted excessively." - Charlton Ogburn
When C. P. Huntingdon
appeared before a Congressional Committee, he insisted that the Central Pacific
road was in dire circumstances. When a member of the Committee asked him if he
shared the depressed financial condition of the road, he paused for a
considerable time before answering with extreme caution, "No: I am said to be
rich." C. P. Huntingdon insisted that he had made no money out of the Central
Pacific; but that everything he was worth had been realized from other
enterprises.
In 1859 with the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, many
Americans embarked in the new enterprise; spending millions in prospecting for
oil, and millions more in operating successful wells, engaged in active and
healthy competition in the oil market. The aggregate
profits of the business
attracted the attention of the syndicate
of the soulless, which promptly took steps to crush the American well
owners, and monopolize the business.
The measures adopted were quiet
sudden.
A railroad was built to the oil regions, but not built to the
oil wells. Its terminus was fifteen miles away. A few wells were purchased and
a pipe line company was organized. A pipe line was laid from the wells
purchased, out to the railroad, with steam engines stationed at intervals, to
force onward the sluggish flow of oil.
At that time, six thousand
wagons were hauling oil over corduroy roads out to the railroad. The well
owners hauling the oil in barrels on wagons could not compete with the
pipeline.
The profits
of oil barely covered expenses.
The individual well owners had to plug
up their wells, waiting for another railroad to be built into the oil regions,
over which they might ship. No other railroad was built.
In 1870
John D. Rockefeller incorporated Standard Oil in Ohio.
John D. Rockefeller was financed by the
Kuhn, Loeb & Company.
Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its
competition in Cleveland in less than two months in 1872 and later throughout
the northeastern United States. The Standard Oil Company crushed all
competitors and took possession of the entire oil industry of America
establishing a monopoly.
"Misleading advertising leads to over
consumption but that may be offsetting the under-consumption associated with
monopoly prices." - Edward L. Glaeser, Gergely Ujhelyi, December 2006 (The
international oil companies effectively have a
monopolistic cartel.)
The
only group to survive outside the Standard Oil Trust at that time were the
Texas oilmen as the state of Texas issued an injunction against Standard Oil
doing business in Texas. The Standard Oil Trust was ruled illegal by the United
States Supreme Court in May 1911 and fined $29,000,000 which was never paid.
(If Texas had allowed Standard Oil to do business in Texas the top American
billionaires in oil and gas would have been Ashkenazi agents of the
syndicate of the soulless instead of
Texans as they were in Chicago and New York.)
The Standard Oil Company,
like all the monopolies of the syndicate
of the soulless, was world-wide in its operations.
Unlimited capital has always given the
syndicate of the soulless a
competitive advantage allowing it to create and maintain a monopoly of almost
any business.
The syndicate of
the soulless has been thwarted in the past from securing a monopoly of the
oil trade first by the Texas oil men and later by the rise sovereign producers
and finally by the rise of OPEC.(But they certainly intend to capture the oil
of Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan)
In 1870, Chicago was rapidly becoming a
railroad and business center for the Northwest.
It was the city best
adapted to become the trade center of the country with the exception of St.
Louis.
St. Louis was being operated by American capital well
established .
In order that the syndicate of the soulless might be able
to centralize the trade of the country in their hands, it was necessary for
them to get a secure clutch upon Chicago .
The great fire of 1871
afforded them their opportunity.
Nobody ever knew how the fire
originated.
The fire started at about 9 p.m. on Sunday, October 8, in
or around a small shed that bordered the alley behind 137 DeKoven Street.
The myth of the origin of the fire
is that it was started by a cow kicking over a lantern in the barn owned by
Patrick and Catherine O'Leary.
Michael Ahern, the Chicago Republican
reporter who created the cow myth, admitted
in 1893 that he had made it up because he thought it would make colorful copy.
A high wind prevailing at the time swept the flames through the heart
of the city, leaving a path of desolation three-fourths of a mile wide.
The business center of Chicago was reduced to ashes.
The
business community had been doing business in cheap two-story houses.
The capital for building public improvements on a large scale could
only be found in the City of London.
The
syndicate of the soulless could
dictate the style of buildings to be erected - splendid structures, from six to
ten stories high, the upper stories of which could only be rented for offices
or lodgings.
Just about the time the rebuilding was
completed the Panic of 1873 occurred.
Business was prostrate, renters
were lacking for the upper stories, payments could not be made, mortgages were
foreclosed, and the most of the grand Chicago business blocks became the
property of the syndicate of the
soulless mortgage holders.
Kansas City was planted as the outpost
of Chicago, to take away the trade of the Southwest from St. Louis and carry it
to Chicago.
If anyone wishes to see how these grand capitalists build
up cities by the might of capital, such curiosity will be gratified by
observations in Chicago and Kansas City . Every suburb is planted, not by
pioneers, as in other new towns, but by capitalists, who spend millions before
they invite a settler.
A railroad is first built to the prospective
town, the streets are graded, gas and water pipes installed, the sidewalks laid
and then settlers are invited to make their homes in the new suburb.
The time being ripe the syndicate of the soulless began at once
a grand campaign against the New England Mills.
"It was in its
devouring the mills of New England that I first came upon the track of the
Money Power, after 1873. I knew that the Money Kings had brought on the Panic
of 1873, by the failure of Jay Cooke, and I was sure that they were engineering
it to suit their own interests. But such was their prudence and skill that for
two years I looked in vain.
I first came upon their track in 1875. I
then found that the New York merchants were putting down cotton goods to an
extremely low price, one-tenth of a cent a yard below the cost of production.
Drummers were everywhere urging merchants through the country to buy, on
account of the low price, which they said would not last very long . I at first
wondered how, with the protection of a high tariff, the price of cotton goods
could be so very low. I knew it was not accidental, for the fixed price,
one-tenth of a cent a yard below the cost of production in New England, showed
that it was done by design." - L.B. Woolfolk
The
syndicate of the soulless had
discovered a flaw in the American tariff system, which enabled them, owning the
English factories, and warehouses and shipping, to crush the mills of New
England, despite the protection of the tariff. Before the Civil War, Congress,
in order to accommodate the import merchants New York City, so arranged the
tariff that duties were payable, not when the goods were placed in the
warehouse, but when they were taken out for sale.
The London merchants,
under the American warehouse system, could store their goods in the New York
warehouse, free of charge, and let them lie there for any length of time; and
might then, if they chose, withdraw them without payment of duty, and ship them
to any other market.
It was cheaper for the
syndicate of the soulless to store
their goods in the New York Custom House than in their own warehouses in London
as the United States government was so accommodating as to build the warehouse
and offer them free use of it for the storage of their goods.
This is
another example of how the syndicate of
the soulless's joint stock corporations gets the host government to pay
their costs. The syndicate of the
soulless availed themselves of the privilege given them by the American
warehouse system. The syndicate of the
soulless stored millions of dollars worth of goods, not really for sale,
but to be offered at a nominal price, for the purpose of "bearing"down the
price of goods in the New York market.
The New England Mill owners
would have to sell their goods as cheap as the English goods were offered in
the custom house, at one-tenth of a cent a yard below the cost of production.
They had to keep on running, even at a loss; for the delicate machinery, if
suffered to lie idle for six months, would become lopsided and worthless. The
New England Mill owners continued to run on at a
loss until they all failed.
William Sprague IV, of Rhode Island, was the richest of the mill owners
of New England. When A. & W. Sprague Company failed for ten million
dollars, in 1873 a tide of bankruptcy swept over New
England. The newspapers at the time were filled, not with business
advertisements but, with bankruptcy notices. Amid the
thousands of bankruptcies
throughout the country the ruin of the New England mills attracted but little
attention .
But the New England mills did not cease operations.
New joint stock corporations were set up controlled by the
syndicate of the soulless and the
mills were set in operation again, prices were stiffened up to a point that
yielded a fair profit and the
mills resumed their prosperity .
Nobody in America wished to break down
the New England mills.
And nobody on Earth was powerful enough to do it
but the syndicate of the
soulless.
When the mills had broke their former owners, no American
capitalists would have embarked in a losing business.
But the
syndicate of the soulless knew how
they had broken them and how easy it would be to make them profitable.
The system of the syndicate of
the soulless is not known to the public. When they break a man, or a
corporation, they do not always set the head of the business aside. The
syndicate of the soulless does not
wish to make a commotion in business circles by many changes and they need the
experience of the old business managers. The system is, not to destroy, but to
subordinate.
The method used is the method of the Romans in extending
their conquests: the Romans always left a subjugated state with a modicum of
power, until the time came to reduce it to a province.
The
syndicate of the soulless can always
kick out their agents whenever they wish, the corporations being under their
complete control and they can afford to be seemingly generous for a while, till
the time comes to take entire possession.
The
syndicate of the soulless through
the Panic of 1873 prostrated America.
For five years after 1873, all
business was crushed and lifeless.
As iron works failed the
syndicate of the soulless bought up
iron mines, and foundries and machine shops; as lumber companies broke from the
long stagnation of business they bought the mills and the forested lands; the
syndicate of the soulless bought
American products at extremely low prices, and made unusually large
profits; and they had a grand
harvest foreclosing mortgages and taking possession of mortgaged property.
In 1877 a Supreme Court (Munn vs. Illinois) decision approved
state laws to regulate prices charged to farmers for the use of the grain
elevator. In 1886 the Supreme Court decision of Wabash vs. Illinois
abolished 230 state laws passed to regulate rates charged by the railroads,
rates for use of the grain elevator and other laws passed to regulate
corporations.
"A general agent told my
informant, that his business was so mean and arbitrary and despotic, he hated
it. He said the planters frequently struggled against the low prices which were
ruining them. "But," said he, "they had just as well fight against the course
of the seasons. A few men buy all the wheat of the country. There is no
competition; the railroads fix the price of wheat and grains to suit
themselves, and grind the farmers down into
absolute poverty. And they not only plunder the farmer in the price, but they cheat in the
measurement which fixes the quality of the wheat. For instance, several years
ago, #1 wheat was 90 cents a bushel, #2 75 cents, and #3, 60 cents a bushel .
The wheat was so graded by the buyers, that all wheat weighing 60 lbs. and over
to the bushel was rated #1 ; all wheat weighing 56 lbs. and over, #2; and all
wheat weighing 52 lbs. and over #3. Now, if the wheat were measured in the good
old fashioned way in an honest half bushel measure, most of the wheat would
weigh 60 lbs. to the bushel, and be rated as #1. But these monopolists cheat
systematically in the measure. They use an oval gallon measure, easily
battered, by accident, to diminish its capacity. Into such a small measure the
wheat will not pack close, when poured very gently out of a pitcher into it.
They then weigh the gallon and multiply by 8 to find the weight of a bushel. By
this system of measurement little of the wheat rates as #1; and very much of it
is rated as #3. In this way, when #1 wheat was selling at 90 cents a bushel,
this system of measuring caused much of it to be rated as #3, which brought
only 60 cents a bushel . But afterwards, when these monopolists sold the wheat
out of the elevators, where it was under pressure, all of it would weigh 60
lbs. to the bushel, and was sold as #1!" - LB Woolfolk 1890
In 1872
there were pork packing firms in all the great cities of the West, doing an
independent and profitable business. But in the hard times following the Panic
of 1873, pork packing became a losing business. Hogs were high at the time the
packers in St. Louis, Louisville and Cincinnati were buying and killing; but by
the time the bacon was put upon the market Philip Danforth Armour had flooded
the market.
Legend has it that Philip Danforth Armour walked across
America to the California gold fields were he made the seed money to start a
wholesale grocery business.
"I come from a long line of pig butchers
and meat-packers: the Armour family. My not-too-distant relatives were
responsible for such ingenious inventions as the refrigerated train car and the
"kill floor," and ultimately the meat-oriented status of the modern American
diet. In the late 1850's, my great-great-grandfather Herman Ossian ("H.O.")
Armour and his brother Phillip Danforth ("P.D.") Armour owned a business which
bought hogs from local farmers for delivery
to slaughterers and packers. The demands of the hungry Union armies during the
Civil War created a boom in pork and the Armour brothers prospered -
and profiteered. In a
business move that might land you in jail today, and even then was considered
"immoral" by his partners, P.D. took advantage of artificially swollen food
prices toward the end of 1864 and sold
futures to pork barrels he did not possess for delivery in the spring of
1865 when, he gambled, the War would be
ending and prices would have fallen. His gamble paid off, and netted a $2,000,000
profit at the expense of
disgruntled traders and government merchants." - Jeffrey Armour Nelson
Suddenly Philip Danforth Armour became rich.
Two years after
Philip Danforth Armour's packing house was built in Chicago he was killing six
thousand hogs a day, and operating his business with a capital of $120,000,000.
Besides the Chicago packing house, Philip Danforth Armour had packing houses in
Kansas City and Omaha almost as extensive as the Chicago establishment. In
Kansas City, Philip Danforth Armour had a bank with such immense resources
that, in a time of stringency in the money market, other banks in the city were
compelled to lean upon it for support. When the other packers, in St. Louis,
Cincinnati and Louisville, lost money by their operations year after year till
they broke, Philip Danforth Armour made money all the time. Philip Danforth
Armour claimed he used every part of the hog -"everything but the squeal" and
it was speculated that his assembly line techniques was the source of his great
wealth.
"Many employees worked as much as 18 hours a day in dangerous,
unclean, unsanitary conditions. There always seemed to be another new young man
available and willing to step in and take the hammer, knife or saw whenever an
employee would lose a finger, hand, eye - or stomach for the job." - Jeffrey
Armour Nelson
"The Armours were ruthless competitors;
they would open a retail outlet in every city and flood the market with their
products, selling them at such ridiculously low prices the local butchers and
outlets could not compete. Townsfolk took to Armour meat products with the
intensity of addicts to heroin. When the local competition was forced to close
their doors and leave their business because they could not match Armour's
prices and sell at a loss - Armour
could (and did) then raise prices and control completely the availability and
pricing of the city's meat and related products. Using this technique, Armour
was successful in his efforts to deny opportunities in the meat business to
thousands of smaller operators, and many who had been in the butchery business
for years found themselves driven to
bankruptcy and
ruin.
The Armours' monopolistic business practices, the tumult caused
when United States soldiers in the Spanish-American War died from eating meat
Armour sold to the War Department, and food scandals of the early twentieth
Century (wherein Armour and their competitors permitted sawdust, rats, animal
feces, and portions of animals heretofore considered inedible to be used in the
production of "meat" products), eventually got the attention of the Congress of
the United States. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act and other legislation was enacted
to protect the public from the unscrupulous business practices of the Armours
and their fellow "robber barons."
Years after its enactment, the
Armours were indicted for violations of the Sherman Act based on testimony they
gave before Congress in which they revealed the very incriminating details of
their business practices. A brilliant, silver-tongued lawyer of the day
retained by the Armours argued that they should be able to invoke
--retroactively -- their Fifth Amendment right not to implicate themselves, and
thus prevent the introduction at trial of their own previous damning testimony
before Congress, and prevent the introduction of all the evidence procured as a
result of that testimony. On the eve of trial, after a jury had been empaneled,
a judge accepted the lawyer's argument and dismissed the case against the
Armours. The newspapers of the day proclaimed derisively that the Armours'
lawyer had given them an "immunity bath." " - Jeffrey Armour
Nelson
Dealing in futures on the Board of Trade was a system originated
for the purpose of enabling the syndicate of the soulless to force
stocks up or down as they choose without any regard to the actual value. The
position of Philip Danforth Armour in the Board of Trade, controlling prices,
not only of pork and bacon and beef, but also of wheat and grain, is such as
would be assumed by a chief and trusted agent of the
syndicate of the soulless.
There are many Americans in Chicago and other cities engaged in the
fresh meat business who over a ten year period felt lucky to increase their net
worth to from $10,000 to $50,000.
Swift Brothers, one of the firms
engaged in the dressed beef trade, when they started in the business were worth
only $8,000. Three years after, they were running seven hundred refrigerator
cars costing $700,000, and were operating their business with a capital of
$3,000,000 - much more realistic even in good times.
Many Americans
went into distilling after the Civil War and for a time made a great deal of
money.
Then the Grand Whiskey Ring was formed and was strong enough to
influence national legislation. By controlling national legislation they
increased the tax on the whiskey braking the old distillers.
"The
Ashkenazi are masters of the
whiskey trade in the United States." - John Foster Fraser
The
syndicate of the soulless can make
hard times and low prices whenever they please, by withdrawing money from
circulation. They only need to hold their cash, stop lending the cash back and
stop investing their capital to paralyze an economy and put millions of people
out of employment.
If a gold or silver mine proves to be rich, only the
poorer levels nearer the surface are worked, till the outside
stockholders become
discouraged and sell out their stock cheap. If on the other hand, the mine
proves to be a pocket, like the Emmy Mine in Utah, it is puffed in the
newspapers until outsiders have bought the stock; then the true state of things
is revealed.
This same scenario is repeated over
and over - a joint stock
corporation is touted by the syndicate of the soulless
controlled press to be the "deal of the
century" - an underpriced stock. The value of the stock skyrockets and the
original shareholders, members of the syndicate of the soulless, sell for
immense profits. Within a few
years, it is discovered that the stock was vastly overpriced and all those who
fell for the propaganda provided by
the syndicate of the soulless in the
media they controlled go
bankrupt.
After the Civil
War the fluctuation in the price of lumber, and the cuts in prices between
different dealers was evidence of the war of the
syndicate of the soulless upon all
independent lumber men. The ownership of the railroads gave such an advantage
to the syndicate of the soulless in
shipping their lumber to market, that, in the end, all competitors were
crushed.
In the late 1800's the high price of flour in comparison with
wheat showed that the agents of the syndicate of the soulless had a large
number of flour mills in their possession. The occasional sharp falls in the
flour market, crushing mill owners of small capital, and the purchase of the
flour mills in Minneapolis showed their desire to crush all competitors and get
possession of the entire business.
Plans were
laid years in advance for monopolizing the cattle production of the Great
Plains. Initially the syndicate of the
soulless financed the extermination of the buffalo. A high price was
offered for buffalo hides in whatever quantity they were offered. All men who
wished to hunt buffalo could get an outfit on credit and pay for it in buffalo
hides. On these terms, an army of buffalo hunters was organized. After the
initial carnage wrought by the buffalo hunters from trains the buffalo hunters
lined the banks of the streams where the buffaloes came to drink and in two or
three years, the buffalo, numbering many millions were exterminated. Nobody but
the syndicate of the soulless could
have thus effected the extermination of the buffalo.
Only they
had money enough to equip such an army
of slaughterers. Only they, in
their immense world-wide commerce, had a market for such a vast number of hides.
The syndicate of the soulless had
been obtaining hides for their trade in leather, shoes, and other leather
products, from Buenos Aires, in South America. It was only necessary to
substitute buffalo hides for South American hides, for two or three years,
to secure the extermination of the buffalo.
The
syndicate of the soulless saw a
grand enterprise in devoting the Great Plains to the production of beef. As
soon as the buffaloe were exterminated, they began to buy cattle in Texas, and
cows and calves and young cattle in all the states, to start ranches on the
Great Plains. This caused a boom in cattle all over the country; and multitudes
of enterprising Americans organized cattle companies, and started cattle
ranches all over the West, from Texas to Montana, mortgaging their property,
and taking money out of their business, in order to take stock in the cattle
companies. The boom in prices was kept up until the Great Plains were fully
occupied with ranches.
By 1888 fifty-seven percent of the cattle
companies were broke. In order to destroy these American cattle companies, and
also to crush the farmers raising cattle, the
syndicate of the soulless forced
down the price of cattle in defiance of
the law of supply and
demand. Although cattle was bought for reduced prices those reduced prices
never reached the consumer who continued to pay top dollar.
In 1888 a
"Coffee Trust" was originated, which at once set to work to destroy all the
coffee merchants. The syndicate of the
soulless put down the price of coffee so low as to break down the
competitors of the trust and no sooner was this accomplished, than the trust
put up the price of coffee to more than double the original price.
The
Standard Oil Company Trust throttled all competition in the American petroleum
market.
The "Cotton Seed Oil Trust" took possession of the small
American producers to manufacture bogus lard and butter.
(The American
producers had sold cotton seed oil as light weight lubricating oil.)
A
"Sugar Trust" took possession of the sugar production and traffic .
A
"Whiskey Trust" monopolized the manufacture and sale of distilled liquors.
A "Cattle Trust" took possession of the cattle ranches, the raising of
cattle and production of beef.
Trusts, each with millions of capital,
began monopolizing production and traffic in salt, lead, cordage, nails, coke,
lumber, sheet zinc, copper, crucible
steel, and other products. All these "trusts" depress prices until competition
is destroyed and then they will double the price of the articles they
monopolize.
Trusts do not merely war upon individual competitors they
war upon national prosperity. These trusts are really a conspiracy against the
prosperity of any nation as they destroy individually enterprising men, one by
one, through the slow torture of financial ruin. Cumulative individual
loss strikes a blow into the heart of
national prosperity and national life.
A.T. Stewart, a Scotchman,
occupied a little narrow place on Broadway a few feet wide, where he peddled
needles, and thread and tape for years. A.T. Stewart suddenly bloomed out in a
palatial building, with a thousand clerks behind his counters, and twenty
million dollars worth of goods upon his shelves.
At the same time,
there was a branch store of A.T. Stewart & Co., in Glasgow, Scotland, and
another in Germany; besides establishments in Belfast, Ireland, and in Paris.
The peculiarity of his style of business was, that A.T. Stewart had in his
store a number of departments; and, in the various departments, goods of every
variety, of the best quality, and at the cheapest wholesale prices. (The first
department store chain!)
Propaganda was
designed to
deceive the public as to the
means by which A.T. Stewart could sell such excellent goods so cheap. One
story was that he bought his goods
at auction, and very cheap, because they were the tail end of stocks, and
damaged; and that Mrs. Stewart renovated them, and thus enabled him to fool the
ladies of New York, and make them believe them new goods.
A.T. Stewart
could not have kept up his stock by auction purchases; nor could he have
obtained such goods at auction, nor could Mrs. Stewart renovate all the goods
sold in Glasgow, Belfast and Germany. When A.T. Stewart died it was discovered
that he was only worth about $8,000,000. A.T. Stewart owned no interest in the
grand buildings erected by A.T. Stewart & Co. at Saratoga, no interest in
A.T. Stewart & Co. in Glasgow, Scotland, nor in the Germany.
A.T.
Stewart had no interest in the business except a commission on sales.
A.T. Stewart broke down one thousand retail merchants in New York City,
many of whom became his clerks. After A.T. Stewart's death three immense
establishments were started in New York City on the model of A.T. Stewart's,
keeping in the various departments excellent goods retailed at wholesale
prices.
To gain control of vast swaths of
American land the syndicate of the
soulless, through their control of
the Boards of Trade and by their monopoly of the traffic in all
farming products, put down the price of
farming products, until it was impossible for the farmers to pay off the
mortgages on their farms.
{"Wall Street's
mantra is that markets move randomly
and reflect the collective wisdom of
investors. The truth is quite opposite. The
government's visible hand and
insiders control
markets and
manipulate them up or down for profit -
all of them, including stocks, bonds, commodities and currencies." - Stephen
Lendman}
First the syndicate of
the soulless pays a good price for farm
products for several years.
Then the
syndicate of the soulless suggests
through it's propaganda arm,
the media, that farmers can become rich by mortgaging their
properties and investing the loans to increase production.
Then the
syndicate of the soulless, through
monopolization of farm produce, drives down
the price of that produce by claiming overproduction.
Once
farm products have been devalued the
farmers can no longer pay off their loans and
their farms become the property of the
syndicate of the soulless. Once the
farmland has been expropriated by the
syndicate of the soulless through
foreclosure the property is devalued.
"I traveled widely through
Missouri, and everywhere I found statements that two-thirds to three-fourths of
the farms are under mortgage! In Iowa, the
same state of fact exists. In some counties of that state, where
farms used to sell for twenty-five dollars
per acre, the farms were mortgaged for
one-third of their value; and after a
number of farms were bought in by the
mortgagee for eight dollars an acre, the amount of the mortgage, all the lands
receded to that price. In Kansas, a very large proportion of the
farms are mortgaged - a much larger
proportion than in Iowa or Missouri. A banker said to me, "The
money line of these Land Loan
Companies always has three points: the agent in the West, who loans the
money; the intermediary in the East,
from whom he gets it; but the third point in the line is always London. There
is where the money comes from."
Thus, a little bank in Connecticut can loan millions of dollars every year,
when it is only making in its regular business some twenty thousand dollars a
year. About two-thirds of the farms of the
states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa,
Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas were mortgaged by 1890 for one-third of their
value, on five years time." - LB Woolfolk
1890
The farmlands of the Great
Plains passed into the hands of the syndicate of the soulless much as the
lands of the Southern plantations had passed
into their hands in the years following the Civil war.
{This scenario
is repeated endlessly:
"Here's the scenario: The borrower is a retailer
that has been in business for 26 years. They have five retail outlets, employ
90 people, have revenue of over $10 million and are well-respected members of
their community. In 2007, its bank approved a term loan to expand the business.
The term loan balance is $650,000. They also have a $1 million working capital
line of credit for inventory and they owe $800,000. The loan is supported by
the personal guarantees of the two business owners and UCC filings on the
company assets, which is basically inventory. The last three years, financial
statements reflect a decrease in revenue (sales) and they have sustained
losses.
When the bank made the term loan, the business's financial
statements already reflected losses. Nonetheless, the bank wrote covenants into
their loan agreement that required the company to produce a certain level of
profitability. If the company did not meet this level of profitability, the
loan could be called for "technical default" of the covenant. From day one, the
bank waived this requirement. That is, until this year, when they placed the
loan in their "special assets/workout division" and subsequently "called" the
loan.
The bank demanded payment in full by April 1.
It is
important to understand that this company never missed even one payment on
either loan. The owners were working diligently to reduce expenses. They hired
seasoned retail consultants to guide them through the process of restructuring
their business so that they would be able to remain in business. The owners
showed every willingness to work with the bank and make the changes that would
bring them through this economic crisis with all commitments met as agreed.
The owners were faced with the realization that the bank was going to
close them down. Their new loan officers, the decision makers, were in another
state and communicated with them through e-mail.
Let's examine the
stupidity and short-sightedness of this bank's decision. If the bank demands
payment in full on the loan, they put the company out of business. The bank
will then sell the inventory and perhaps get 50 cents on the dollar for the
inventory. Even so, the bank would still sustain a loss of $750,000.
Additionally, the 90 employees would now be out of work. And five pieces of
commercial property would become vacant and no longer produce cash flow (rent)
to the landlords. If the landlords cannot fill the space, and don't have the
rental income, it is likely that they will not be able to make their mortgage
payments on the commercial properties. The domino effect is astounding." - Joe
Nocera March 10, 2009
Joe Nocera is
incorrect in thinking that this is short-sighted of the bank. This
unnamed bank is a part of a centralized banking system
controlled by the syndicate of the soulless. This unnamed bank will not be
allowed to fail (or if it is controlling
interests will have got their money out in advance) and
the debt will be forgiven as it was
nothing more than a fungible bookkeeping
entry anyway. The whole point of the increase capital withholding requirements
of the International Bank of Settlements
is to transfer control of another
substantial portion of the brick and mortar economy into the hands of
the syndicate of the soulless. In
this scenario the syndicate of the
soulless can step in and capture the
market the retail business was serving and can also foreclose on the
commercial properties - a win-win situation for the soulless central
bankers.}
"In 1888 the American wheat crop was fifty million bushels
short. A syndicate of Cincinnati capitalists, acting on the shortage, organized
capital of $12,000,000 to operate in the Chicago market. They had capital
enough to make their operations a sure success under the rules of the Chicago
Board of Trade, which only allowed wheat to be sold as it was delivered into
the elevator. The Chicago Board of Trade then rescinded the rule which
prohibited the sale of wheat except as delivered into the elevators and allow
it to be sold out of the rail cars. The Chicago Board of Trade sold the
Cincinnati syndicate wheat at seventy cents a bushel, till their
$12,000,000 was gone. Once the money was gone the price of wheat went to
sixty cents a bushel! As the wheat crop was fifty million bushels short
and the supply was inadequate to meet the demand it was expected that wheat
would have gone up to at least one dollar a bushel.
This price
reduction was an unexplained and revolutionary overthrow of
the law of supply and
demand.
In 1888, a Southern cotton syndicate was formed to sustain
the cotton market at the low price at which cotton was then held with a
$15,000,000 stake. Southern cotton was delivered to the syndicate at the price
offered until the $15,000,000 was spent, then cotton sank to one and one-half
cents a pound! The Cincinnati and Southern syndicates were so completely
crushed, that no man will ever again dare to interfere with the
syndicate of the soulless in their
manipulation of prices in Boards of
Trade.
Boards of Trade are instruments
controlled at will by the syndicate of
the soulless. The
law of supply and demand is wholly abrogated as the will of the
syndicate of the soulless has become
the sole regulator of prices.
The law of supply and
demand can only regulate prices when there is a free market, and the free
competition of buyers and sellers operates to regulate prices. There is no such
competition now; the agents of the syndicate of the soulless are the only
buyers of all produce. Boards of Trade are subdued by them, and answer to their
manipulations. By the might of capital, they can regulate prices in any Board
of Trade. The syndicate of the
soulless control absolutely the Chicago Board of Trade, and Chicago
regulates the price of produce for the whole country in utter disregard of
the law of supply and
demand, and in utter violation of all the economic laws that regulate
prices.
No Western farmer, at present prices of grain, and beef,
and other produce, can pay wages, pay taxes, and support his family in comfort
- much less pay off his mortgage. Some of the
newspapers are already saying
that the farm laborer of the Northwest must
submit to a reduction of wages. Other
newspapers declare that our
farmers must lose their
farms, and let us have
the Tenant Farm System that prevails in
Europe. Conversing with a banker in Kansas, a very clever gentleman, I
spoke to him of the great evils that would
follow the loss of the
farms. He laughed pleasantly, and said, "I
think the farmers will have to lose their
farms." When the
farms have been devoured, it will be an easy
matter to finish the merchants and grocers of the country towns." - L.B.
Woolfolk
"There they are ceaselessly storing up the
wealth that flows to them from the rest of
the world . Men in strange climes, and in
strange dresses, and speaking all manner of tongues, are seen preparing produce
and luxuries of all kinds for the Temple, which flow thither in long streams
across land and sea. And still the work of storing goes on: gold, silver, and
all precious things, the delights of life, the cream of the earth's good things
accumulate higher and higher in the chambers of the Temple." - quote from an
article in Blackwood, 1864, in which the writer speaks of the Money
Quarter of London as a Temple of Mammon
"The Laws of Economics are as immoveable and
unalterable as the Laws of Nature.
Principle I . In a normal state of things, all prices are
regulated by two things - the amount of currency and
the law of supply and
demand.
Principle II . A large capital in
business operations is a great advantage, and gives to its possessors a marked
superiority over competitors having small capital.
Principle III .
Persons established in business have an advantage over those just starting in
the same business, other things equal.
Principle IV . A new man who
starts in business poor is at a great disadvantage in
competition with rich men
who are already established.
Principle V . A new man who starts in
business in antagonism with well established rich men will be at such a
disadvantage that he will be almost certain to fail.
Principle VI . In business
crises, which are all started by the calling of loans, established capital has a great advantage over
newcomers without much capital.
Principle VII . In business crises,
which create economic contractions, men
without capital who have to borrow money are at a disadvantage and they are the
first to go broke.
Principle VIII . Newcomers with little capital
cannot enter into competition with well capitalized rich men already
established and drive them out of business.
Principle IX . In business
crises, new men of small capital can not successfully enter into competition
with rich men well established and take their business from them.
Principle X . The superiority of a large capital is equally apparent in
all operations.
Principle XI . The laws of chance varies within certain
limits and in the long run conforms to regular law. In gambling operations the
longest purse will win in the long run.
Principle XII . In operations
in Boards of Trade, newcomers with less capital can not break better
capitalized men and reduce them to
bankruptcy.
Principle XIII . Economically a man can only make a reasonable amount
of money in a given time.
Principle XIV . The wealth of a country,
under the operation of the natural laws of political economy, will increase
most rapidly in times of prosperity and will increase more slowly in eras of
industrial depression.
The
Principles of Political Economy are violated:
1. In the abnormal
condition of prices - no longer regulated by the amount of currency or by
the law of supply and
demand;
2. In the abnormal condition of business - newcomers with
borrowed capital take possession of everything;
3. In the rapid
aggregation of wealth in the hand of a newcomer who has sprung up from poverty
into unprecedented wealth; and
4. In the anomalous fact that the wealth
of our country has increased most rapidly when the general prosperity was at
the lowest ebb. God does not choose to work miracles by setting aside the
regular laws of nature, but leaves natural laws to work out their natural
results. The heaviest capital carries with it power to
crush smaller operators ; as surely as a thundercloud carries rain, or the
North Wind cold." -L.B.Wollfolk
The operations of Vanderbilt, and Gould and others in
Wall Street can only be accounted
for by the fact that they were the agents of the
syndicate of the soulless and were
supplied with sufficient capital to make their operations an assured
success much like the
success that Maxxam enjoyed with the help
of an agent of the syndicate of the
soulless - Michael
Milken.
In 1985, Maxxam, a Texas based
corporation owned and
operated by Charles Hurwitz, a
United Jewish Appeal-Federation official, succeeded in a $900 million
hostile takeover of Pacific
Lumber, a company with local ties stretching back to the 1850s.
Maxxam's hostile
takeover could not have taken place without the
financing arranged through the sale of junk bonds by
Michael Milken. Maxxam kept the
Pacific Lumber name, but tripled the rate of its logging operations threatening
last redwood forests on earth.
Protests ensued (treesitters) and 10 years later the Headwaters
Forest exchange between the federal government and Pacific Lumber was
enacted. Maxxam was given $480 million in taxpayer money for some 7,500 acres
of ancient redwoods - the Headwaters Forest. The "deal" included a 50
year ban on logging within an additional 7,000 acres but allowed Pacific Lumber
to bypass many logging restrictions which including protections for
endangered species and limits on the rate of
logging.
Maxxam owns some 210,000 acres in Humboldt County. The
accelerated logging of Maxxim and others has polluted some 85 percent of the
waters in California's North Coast region, uprooted protected redwoods and
damaged private property. Officials continue to permit logging
corporations to avoid
complying with environmental
regulations.
The syndicate of the
soulless always operates through
joint stock corporations
and when they do they are not concerned with detrimental
environmental effects. (After
all they are trying to make over the
world in their fantasized imagination of perfection.)
The action of
ordinary business brings general prosperity.
The state of business
competition since the founding of America is unaccountable by
all ordinary business principles. General prosperity
in America flows and ebbs with the tides of war.
If there is nothing to
hide then the owners of the joint stock corporations
should be publically listed, especially controlling interests.
Those
corporations that refuse to divulge ownership,
especially those that are privately owned, must be assumed to be trying to hide
something and that something is most
likely the fact that they are
operated by or
mortgaged to the
syndicate of the
soulless.
The syndicate of
the soulless made another play for sustainable back bone industry with the
squeeze of 2008.
"Despite huge government rescue programs and
drastic reductions in the Federal
Reserve’s benchmark interest rate, borrowing costs for
corporations have remained
stubbornly high." - Jack Healy and Vikas Bajaj 01/18/09
Due to new
capital requirements by the Bank of
International Settlements banks do not have the funds to refinance
corporate
debt. Of course those
corporations not already
controlled by the
syndicate of the soulless will have
to turn over their collateral (read corporate control) to the
syndicate of the
soulless.
"Businesses with one to 19 employees, nearly all of them
family run, lost 757,000 jobs from the second quarter of 2007 through the third
quarter of 2008, according to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
broken down by company size. That amounts to 53 percent of all private-sector
losses for a group of companies with about 20 percent of all employees." -
Damien Cave, July 13, 2009
Mara Salvaturcha or MS-13
(a criminal enterprise)
Authorities at this time are scrambling to contain
forces unleashed by past
American
policies.
The
civil
war in El Salvador displaced nearly a
million humans, about half of which entered the
American, included many
children. Many refugees who fled the
American backed
civil
war against insurgents in El Salvador
settled near MacArthur Park, just west of downtown Los Angeles, California.
Many of the children had
fought with leftist guerrillas or had been hardened by the bloodletting they
witnessed.
These children
among the refugees formed a gang in the 1980s called MS-13, which loosely
translated means Salvadoran Gang
13.
As the gang grew, immigration officials began a decade long
campaign to deport members,
including ex-convicts and hardened leaders who helped spread MS-13 across
Central America and solidify its
structure.
MS-13,
an entrepreneurial criminal gang, has been compared to a
terrorist organization.
This gang would
not have congealed, taken root and grown to encompass so many cities spread
throughout Central and North America if
the brutal civil
war had not been fought in El Salvadore.
There is a real possibility that this war would not have been so devastating if
the administration of the American
government under
Ronald Reagan had not supported the
ruling oligarches.
The Salvadoran oligarches were complicit in creating
the right-wing death squads that
murdered Archbishop Oscar Romero,
depopulated the Guazapo volcano area
through execution and terrorism, instigated the
El Mozote massacre and
murdered Jesuit
priests at the University of Central
America.
It is highly
unlikely that the wave of refugees and children that settled near MacArthur
Park, just west of downtown Los Angeles, California would ever have left El
Salvador and been able to form
the gang MS-13, a criminal enterprise, had the federal
government under the administration of
Ronald Reagan not supported the
ruling oligarches.
"Two decades
ago, it was a civil war, with soldiers, death squads and guerrillas spilling
the blood. Now it's gangs (thousands of members originally from Los Angeles),
drug-fueled crime, abusive police officers - all the makings of a bloodletting
that has terrified the population and contributed in recent elections to the
unseating of the party that ruled for 20 years.
In the first three
months of 2009, by official government count, an average of nearly 12 people a
day were slain.
This in a tiny, densely populated nation of nearly 7
million. (The homicide rate is roughly five times that of Mexico and 10 times
that of the United States.)
Life is cheap in El Salvador. Throw in
drugs and impunity, and a flawed judicial system whereby few if any killings
are ever solved, and the death toll will continue to climb. With the lawless
atmosphere, ordinary business disputes and personal vendettas are readily
solved by physical attack.
Gun shops, which barely existed a decade
ago, are common neighborhood features. You can hire someone to kill a rival for
$50; for $100 if you want to see the body.
One of El Salvador's leading
human rights organizations, affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, has
analyzed homicides every year since 2004 and concluded that hundreds were
committed by rogue police officers, private security guards and people hired to
carry out "social cleansing" - the elimination of undesirables through
extrajudicial executions." - Tracy Wilkinson 05/12/09 |
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This web site is not a commercial web site and
is presented for educational purposes only.
This website defines a new religious
ideology to which its author adheres. The author feels that the falsification
of reality outside personal experience has created a populace unable to discern
propaganda from reality and that this has been done purposefully by an
international corporate cartel through their agents who wish to foist a corrupt
version of reality on the human race. Religious intolerance occurs when any
group refuses to tolerate religious practices, religious beliefs or persons due
to their religious ideology. This web site marks the founding of the religion
aptly named The Truth of the Way of Life - a rational religion based on reason
which requires no leap of faith, accepts no tithes, has no supreme leader, no
church buildings and in which each and every individual is encouraged to
develop a personal relation with God through the pursuit of the knowledge of
reality in the hope of curing the spiritual corruption that has enveloped the
human spirit. The tenets of The Truth of the Way of Life are spelled out in
detail on this web site by the author. Violent acts against individuals due to
their religious beliefs in America is considered a “hate
crime.”
This web site in no way condones violence. To the contrary
the intent here is to reduce the violence that is already occurring due to the
international corporate cartels desire to control the human race. The
international corporate cartel already controls the world central banking
system, mass media worldwide, the industrial military entertainment complex of
America and is responsible for the collapse of morals, the elevation of
self-centered behavior and the destruction of global ecosystems. Civilization
is based on cooperation. Cooperation does not occur at the point of a
gun.
American social mores and values have declined precipitously over
the last century as the corrupt international cartel has garnered more and more
power. This power rests in the ability to deceive the populace in general
through mass media by pressing emotional buttons which have been preprogrammed
into the population through prior mass media psychological operations. The
results have been the destruction of the family and the destruction of social
structures that do not adhere to the corrupt international elites vision of a
perfect world. Through distraction and coercion the direction of thought of the
bulk of the population has been directed toward solutions proposed by the
corrupt international elite that further consolidates their power and which
further their purposes.
All views and opinions presented on this web
site are the views and opinions of individual human men and women that, through
their writings, showed the capacity for intelligent, reasonable, rational,
insightful and unpopular thought. All factual information presented on this web
site is believed to be true and accurate and is presented as originally
presented in print media which may or may not have originally presented the
facts truthfully. Opinion and thoughts have been adapted, edited, corrected,
redacted, combined, added to, re-edited and re-corrected as nearly all opinion
and thought has been throughout time but has been done so in the spirit of the
original writer with the intent of making his or her thoughts and opinions
clearer and relevant to the reader in the present time.
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