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A very strange theory, called Luigi's Conjecture,
states that if
you say the opposite of what is
true
to someone they often get
confused
The 16th Amendment
According to Bill Benson's evidence the 16th amendment was not legally
ratified.
According to Bill Benson's evidence Philander Chase Knox, the
Secretary of State, committed fraud when he declared the 16th amendment
ratified in February 1913 shortly before leaving office.
Philander Chase
Knox served as: a director of the Fifth National Bank of Pittsburgh and the
Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce; counsel for the Carnegie Steel Company
taking a prominent part in organizing the United States Steel Corporation in
1901; served as Attorney General in the cabinets of William McKinley and
Theodore Roosevelt and served as Pennsylvania Senator
What follows is a
summary of some of the major findings for many of the states, showing that
their ratifications were not legal and should not have been counted.
The 16th amendment had been sent out in 1909 to the state governors for
ratification by the state legislatures after having been passed by Congress.
There were 48 states at that time, and three-fourths, or 36, of them were
required to give their approval in order for it to be ratified.
The
process took almost the whole term of the Taft administration, from 1909 to
1913.
Philander Chase Knox had received responses from 42 states when
he declared the 16th amendment ratified on February 25, 1913, just a few days
before leaving office to make way for the administration of Woodrow Wilson.
Philander Chase Knox acknowledged that four of those states (Utah, Conn, R.I.
and N.H.) had rejected it, and he counted 38 states as having approved
it.
Bill Benson's evidence:
In Kentucky, the legislature acted on
the amendment without even having received it from the governor (the governor
of each state was to transmit the proposed amendment to the state legislature).
The version of the amendment that the Kentucky legislature made up and acted
upon omitted the words "on income" from the text.
In Oklahoma, the
legislature changed the wording of the amendment and this was the version they
sent back. A memo from Philander Chase Knox's chief legal counsel, Reuben
Clark, declared states were not allowed to change the amendment in any way.
If any state could be shown to have violated its own state constitution
or laws in its approval process, then that state's approval would have to be
thrown out.
The state constitution of Tennessee prohibited the state
legislature from acting on any proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution sent
by Congress until after the next election of state legislators. The intent, of
course, is to give the proposed amendment a chance to become an issue in the
state legislative elections so that the people can have a voice in determining
the outcome. It also provides a cooling off period to reduce the tendency to
approve an idea just because it happens to be the moment's trend.
In
voting on the amendment the Tennessee legislature acted illegally by voting
before they were legally authorized to do so. The Tennessee legislature also
violated their own state constitution by failing to read the resolution on
three different days as prescribed by Article II, Section 18. These state
constitutional violations make their approval of the amendment null and void.
Texas and Louisiana violated provisions in their state
constitutions prohibiting the legislatures from empowering the federal
government with any additional taxing authority.
Twelve other states,
besides Tennessee, violated provisions in their constitutions requiring that a
bill be read on three different days before voting on it. This is not a trivial
requirement. It allows for a cooling off period; it enables members who may be
absent one day to be present on another; it allows for a better familiarity
with, and understanding of, the measure under consideration, since some members
may not always read a bill or resolution before voting on it.
States
violating this procedure were: Mississippi, Ohio, Arkansas, Minnesota, New
Mexico, West Virginia, Indiana, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Colorado,
and Illinois.
When state results were returned to Philander Chase Knox
it was required that the documents, including the resolution that was actually
approved, be properly certified, signed, and sealed by the appropriate
official(s). This is no more than any ordinary citizen has to do in filing any
legal document, so that it's authenticity is assured.
A number of states
did not do this, returning uncertified, unsigned, and/or unsealed copies, and
did not rectify their negligence even after being reminded and warned by
Philander Chase Knox.
The most egregious offenders were Ohio,
California, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Minnesota - which did not send any copy
at all.
Several states constitutions limited the taxing authority of
their legislatures, which could not give to the federal government authority
they did not have.
Virginia and Pennsylvania ignored the proposed
amendment.
Florida rejected the amendment.
Vermont and
Massachusetts had rejected the amendment much earlier by recorded votes, but,
strangely, submitted to the Secretary within a few days of his ratification
proclamation that they had passed it (without recorded votes); West Virginia
had purportedly approved it at the end of January 1913, but its notification
had not yet been received (remember that West Virginia had violated its own
constitution, as noted above). |
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