create

Create is defined as:

bring into existence

to give rise to; produce

to invest with an office or title; appoint

to produce through artistic or imaginative effort

to bring into being; to form out of nothing; to cause to exist

to invest with a new form, office, or character; to constitute; to appoint; to make

to effect by the agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the occasion of; to cause;
to produce; to form or fashion; to renew

Creation

"For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and wickedness of men who by their wickedness suppress the truth. For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse; for although they knew God they did not honor Him as God or give thanks to Him, but they became futile in their thinking and their senseless minds were darkened. Claiming to be wise, they became fools." - Romans 1:18-22

The world of created things is like crystal clear water

in which shine the attributes

of the Omnipotent One.

Consciousness, justice, mercy

are like the stars of heaven

reflected in the crystal clear water.

Kings are the theater

royalty of God;

Sages are the mirrors

of God's Eternal Wisdom.

Generations have passed on,

a new generation arises;

The moon is the same moon

but the water is not the same water.

Justice is the same justice,

Knowledge the same knowledge,

but generation has replaced generation

in a long unbroken endless chain.

Generation after generation

have passed on before us.

The divine attributes of reality

are changeless and eternal.

The water in the river

has changed innumerable times;

while the reflection of the moon and the stars

eternally remains unaltered.

The reflection's origin is not in the water

but in the light-kingdom of the heavens.

Rumi

all of nature

everything that exists

the act of creating

the human act of creating

the Earth and all things in it

starting something for the first time

all creatures or a class of creatures

the fact or state of having been created

the act of investing with a new office or title

the event that occured at the beginning of something

the act of bringing the universe or the Earth into existence

an original product of human invention or artistic imagination

the divine act by which, according to various religious and philosophical traditions,
the Earth was brought into existence.

that which is created; that which is produced or caused to exist, as the Earth
an original work of art or an imaginative idea

The one great end in the work of creation is the manifestation of the glory of the Creator (Col. 1:16; Rev. 4:11; Rom. 11:36). God's works, equally with God's word, are a revelation from him; and between the teachings of the one and those of the other, when rightly understood, there can be no contradiction.

Traditional stories of the creation found among the records of the ancient inhabitants of the plains of Lower Mesopotamia, the Akkadians and the Sumerians, closely parellel the creation stories found in the Old Testament book of Genesis.

Israelites were descendants of either an Akkadian or
a Sumerian couple with the first names of Adam and Eve.

The Israelites swept down out of the desert to overcome the land of Canaan
and the city of Ugarit whose reign ended with the coming of the Israelites.

The mythology of the Canaanites of Ugarit was reformulated
and adopted by the Israelites in the books of the Old Testament.

Enûma Elish

Enûma Elish is the creation epic of Babylonian mythology.

Enûma Elish has about a thousand lines and is recorded in Akkadian on seven clay tablets.

Enûma Elish has existed in various versions and copies since 1700 BCE.

Enûma Elish describes six generations of gods whose creations parallel the days of creation in Genesis, followed by a divine rest.

Enûma Elish and Genesis, the creation proceeds in the same order, beginning with light, and ending with mankind.

Enûma Elish names three primeval gods: Apsû, the fresh water, Tiamat, the saltwater, and their son Mummu, the mist.

Apsû was the name for the mythological underground fresh water ocean in Sumerian mythology.

Tiamat is a combination of the Sumerian words ti = life and ama = mother meaning "the mother of all life."

In the Enûma Elish, Tiamat controlled saltwater seeping into the water table. (The ancient empire of Sumeria collapsed when the soil at the site of ancient Sumer on the central flood plain of the Euphrates River became laden with salt due to unsustainable irrigation practices.)

In ancient Sumerian, the word mummu translates to "the one who has awoken."

Parallel mythology can be found in the Baal cycle recovered in the Canaanite city of Ugarit.

The Canaanite texts of Ugarit include "Legend of Keret", "Legend of Danel", "Myth of Baal-Aliyan" and "Death of Baal" - all belonging to Old Canaanite mythology.

Ugaritic texts have proven that the old patriarchal stories
of the Old Testament were based on written Canaanite documents.

Ugarit's political, religious and economic height occurred around the 12th century BC.

Ugarit's period of greatness occured directly before the entry of the Israelites into the land of Canaan.

Ugarit experienced a very long history.

A city was built on the site in the Neolithic period around 6000 BC.

The oldest written evidence of the city is found in some texts from the nearby city of Ebla written around 1800 BC.

At that time both Ebla and Ugarit were under Egyptian hegemony.

The population of Ugarit at that time was roughly 7635 people.

The city of Ugarit continued to be dominated by the Egyptians through 14th century BC about the time of internal upheavals caused by the heretic Akhenaten.

All of the tablets found at Ugarit were written in the last period of its existence (around 1300-1200 BCE)

The style of writing discovered at Ugarit is known as alphabetic cuneiform.

This is a unique blending of two styles of writing - an alphabetic script, like Hebrew, and cuneiform, like Akkadian.

This style came into being as cuneiform script was being replaced with alphabetic scripts.

Ugaritic is a bridge from cuneiform to alphabetic scripts.

Ugaritic poetry is very similar to biblical poetry.

Ugaritic literature is composed in poetic metre. Biblical poetry follows Ugaritic poetry in form and function. There is parallelism, qinah metre, bi and tri colas, and all of the poetic tools found in the Bible are found in Ugaritic poetry.

The Canaanite texts of Ugarit parallel many of the biblical Old Testament texts.

The prophets of the Old Testament rail against Baal, Asherah and various other gods.

The tribe of Israel worshiped these gods along with, and sometimes instead of, Yahweh, the god of the tribe of Israel.

This biblical denunciation of the Canaanite gods in understandable in the light of the Ugaritic texts, for at Ugarit these were the very gods that were worshiped.

El was the chief god at Ugarit. In Psalms and the Ugaritic texts the very attributes for which Yahweh is acclaimed are the same for which El is acclaimed.

Psalms were originally Ugaritic or Canaanite hymns to El which were adopted by the Israelites, much like the American National Anthem was set to a beer hall tune by Francis Scott Key.

El is called the "father of men", "creator", and "creator of the creation".

These attributes are granted Yahweh in the Old Testament.

Among the inhabitants of Ugarit, Yahweh was viewed as a son of El.

Other deities worshiped at Ugarit were El Shaddai, El Elyon, and El Berith. All of these names are applied to Yahweh by the writers of the Old Testament. The Hebrew theologians adopted the titles of the Canaanite gods and attributed them to Yahweh in an effort to eliminate them. This process is known as assimilation. (The Roman Catholics made saints out local gods to get indigenous peoples to worship as the Roman Catholics wished them to worship.)

The most important of the Canaanite lesser gods were;

Baal; Asherah; Yam, the god of the sea, and Mot, the god of death.

Yam is the Hebrew word for sea.

Mot is the Hebrew word for death.

Asherah, is called the wife of Baal in the Old Testament; but she is also known as the consort of Yahweh.

In the cult of Yahweh, Asherah is Yahweh's female counterpart.

"When they did evolve, when the ancient Hebrew tribes put together their notion of YHVH by combining YHVH and the Elohim gods ("Elohim" is plural), and borrowing from other religions, they put together a YHVH from which, in some important ways, we are still suffering. Biblical scholars are clear that YHVH evolved originally from a tribal chief, and has always kept much of the authoritarian character of that ancient tribal chief. The covenant between that YHVH and his people was based on an earlier Hittite treaty between a ruler and his subjects. That covenant says "I'll be your ruler and you will be my people. I'll protect you if you obey, and punish you if you disobey." That's the attitude that still lets Western believers move way too effortlessly to persecuting or murdering those who believe differently. It's been harder to shrug that YHVH off as irrelevant, because its followers may kill you for it - as many martyrs throughout history have discovered the hard and painful way." - Davidson Loehr

In the Old Testament Baal is named 76 times.

The prophets protested constantly against the love affair the Israelites had with Baal.

Israelites viewed Yahweh as a god of the desert and so when they arrived in Canaan they thought it only proper to adopt Baal, the god of fertility. For these Israelites Yahweh was useful in the desert but not much help in the fertile land of Canaan.

One of the central Ugaritic myths was the story of Baal's enthronement as king.

In the story, Baal is killed by Mot in the Fall of the year and he remains dead until the Spring of the year when he is reborn and re-enthroned as king.

The Old Testament also celebrates the enthronement of Yahweh.

As in the Ugaritic myth, the purpose of Yahweh's enthronement is to re-enact creation.

Yahweh overcomes death by his continually recurring creative acts, the bestowing of life.

The major difference between the Ugaritic myth and the biblical hymns is that Yahweh's kingship is eternal and uninterrupted while Baal's is interrupted every year by his death in the Fall.

Baal as the god of fertility dies, so the vegetation dies; and when he is reborn so is the Earth in the Spring.

Not so with Yahweh; for since Yahweh is always alive, Yahweh is always powerful.

Israel and Ugarit both practiced a yearly ritual known as the sending out of the "scapegoats"; one for god and one for a demon. A goat is sent into the wilderness for Azazel, a demon, and one is sent into the wilderness for Yahweh. This rite is known as a "eliminatory" rite; that is, corruption, in this case communal sin, is placed on the head of the goat and it is sent away. In this way it was believed that, magically, the corruption and communal sin was removed from the community.

"Aaron is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and rebellion of the Israelites - all their sins - and put them on the goat's head. Aaron shall send the goat away into the desert in the care of a man appointed for the task. The goat will carry on itself all their sins to a solitary place; and the man shall release it into the desert." - Leviticus 16:21-22

The same ritual was performed at Ugarit; with one notable difference -
at Ugarit a woman priest was involved in the ritual as well.

The rituals performed in Ugaritic worship involved a great deal of alcohol and sexual promiscuity.

Worship at Ugarit was essentially a drunken orgy in which priests
and worshipers indulged in excessive drinking and excessive sexuality.

The worshipers were attempting to convince Baal to send rain for the crops.

Rain and semen were seen in ancient time as of the same essence, both produced fruit.

Worshipers in fertility religions typically behaved in this manner.

In the cult of Yahweh the priests were forbidden to partake of wine while performing any rituals and females were barred from the precincts of the temple, a patriarchal approach of severe separation of self from emotion as opposed to a compassionate matriarchal approach of communal passion.

"Recent archeological digs have provided evidence that Jerusalem was a big and fortified city already in 1800 BCE ... Findings show that the sophisticated water system heretofor attributed to the conquering Israelites pre-dated them by eight centuries and was even more sophisticated than imagined ... Dr. Ronny Reich, who directed the excavation along with Eli Shuikrun, said the entire system was built as a single complex by Canaanites in the Middle Bronze Period, around 1800 BCE." - The Jewish Bulletin, July 31, 1998

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