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"We live in a world
where ideas and innovation are paramount. But
people can’t be creative if they are exhausted. And when people work when
they are tired, they make mistakes. If we have
learned anything from the quality movement, it is that the cost of finding and
fixing mistakes is greater than the cost of
preventing them. So, give people time off." - Jeffrey
Pfeffer, Professor of Organizational Behavior at the Graduate School of
Business, Stanford University
bring into
existence
to give rise to; produce
to invest with an office or title; appoint
to produce through
artistic or imaginative
effort
to bring into being; to
form out of nothing; to cause to
exist
to invest with a new
form, office, or character; to
constitute; to appoint; to make
to effect by the
agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the
occasion of; to cause;
to produce; to
form or fashion; to
renew
Creation
"For the wrath of God is revealed from
heaven against all ungodliness and wickedness of men who by their wickedness
suppress the truth. For what can be known about God is plain to them, because
God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal
power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation
of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse;
for although they knew God they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him,
but they became futile in their thinking and their senseless minds were
darkened. Claiming to be wise, they became fools." - Romans 1:18-22 |
all of nature
everything
that exists
the
act of creating
the
human act of creating
the
Earth and all things in
it
starting something for the first time
all creatures or
a class of creatures
the
fact or state of having been
created
the
act of
investing with a new office or title
the event that occured at the
beginning of something
the
act of bringing the
universe or the Earth
into existence
an
original
product of human invention or artistic
imagination
the divine
act by which, according to
various religious and philosophical traditions,
the
Earth was brought into existence.
that which is
created; that which is produced or caused to
exist, as the Earth
an original
work of art or an
imaginative idea
The one great end in the
work of creation is
the manifestation of the glory of the
Creator (Col. 1:16; Rev. 4:11; Rom. 11:36).
God's works, equally with God's
word, are a revelation from him; and between the
teachings of the one and those of
the other, when rightly
understood, there can be no
contradiction.
Traditional
stories of the creation found among the records
of the ancient inhabitants of the plains of Lower
Mesopotamia, the Akkadians and the Sumerians,
closely parellel the creation
stories found in the
Old Testament
book of
Genesis.
Israelites
were descendants of either an Akkadian or
a
Sumerian couple with the first names of
Adam and Eve.
The Israelites
swept down out of the desert to overcome the land of Canaan
and the
city of
Ugarit whose reign ended with the coming of the
Israelites.
The mythology of the
Canaanites of Ugarit was reformulated
and adopted by
the Israelites in the
books of the
Old Testament.
Enûma Elish
Enûma Elish has about a thousand lines and is
recorded in Akkadian on seven clay
tablets.
Enûma Elish has existed in
various versions and copies since 1700 BCE.
Enûma Elish describes
six generations of gods whose
creations parallel the days of creation in Genesis, followed by a divine rest.
Enûma Elish and Genesis, the creation proceeds in the same order,
beginning with light, and ending with mankind.
Enûma Elish names three
primeval gods: Apsû, the
fresh water, Tiamat, the
saltwater, and their son Mummu, the mist.
Apsû was the name for the
mythological underground
fresh water ocean in Sumerian mythology.
Tiamat is a combination of the
Sumerian words ti = life and
ama = mother meaning "the mother of all life."
In the Enûma Elish, Tiamat controlled
saltwater seeping into the
water table. (The ancient
empire of Sumeria collapsed when the soil
at the site of ancient Sumer on the central flood plain of the Euphrates River became laden
with salt due to unsustainable irrigation practices.)
In ancient
Sumerian, the word mummu translates to "the one who has
awoken."
Parallel
mythology can be found in the
Baal cycle recovered in the Canaanite
city of Ugarit.
The Canaanite texts of Ugarit include "Legend of Keret", "Legend of
Danel", "Myth of Baal-Aliyan" and "Death
of Baal" - all belonging to Old Canaanite
mythology.
Ugaritic texts have proven
that the old patriarchal stories
of the
Old Testament were based on
written Canaanite documents.
Ugarit's political, religious and
economic height occurred around the 12th
century BC.
Ugarit's period of greatness occured directly before the
entry of the Israelites into the
land of Canaan.
Ugarit experienced a very
long history.
A
city was built on the
site in the Neolithic period around 6000 BC.
The oldest written
evidence of the city is
found in some texts from the nearby
city of Ebla written
around 1800 BC.
At that time both Ebla and Ugarit were under Egyptian
hegemony.
The
population of Ugarit at
that time was roughly 7635 people.
The
city of Ugarit
continued to be dominated by the Egyptians through 14th century BC about the
time of internal upheavals caused by the heretic Akhenaten.
All of the tablets found at Ugarit were written in
the last period of its existence (around 1300-1200
BCE)
The style of writing discovered at Ugarit is
known as alphabetic cuneiform.
This is a unique blending of two styles of writing
- an alphabetic script, like Hebrew, and cuneiform, like
Akkadian.This style
came into being as cuneiform script was being replaced with alphabetic scripts.
Ugaritic is a bridge from cuneiform to alphabetic scripts.
Ugaritic poetry is very similar to
biblical poetry.
Ugaritic literature is composed in
poetic metre.
Biblical poetry follows Ugaritic poetry in form and function. There is parallelism,
qinah metre, bi and tri colas, and all of the poetic tools found in the Bible are found in
Ugaritic poetry.
The
Canaanite texts of Ugarit parallel many of the
biblical
Old Testament texts.
The prophets of the
Old Testament rail against
Baal, Asherah and various
other gods.
The
tribe of Israel worshiped these
gods along with, and sometimes instead of,
Yahweh, the
god of the tribe of Israel.
This
biblical denunciation of the
Canaanite gods in understandable in the
light of the Ugaritic texts, for at Ugarit these were
the very gods that were worshiped.
El was the chief god at Ugarit. In Psalms and the Ugaritic texts
the very attributes for which Yahweh
is acclaimed are the same for which El is
acclaimed.
Psalms were originally Ugaritic or Canaanite hymns to
El which were adopted by the
Israelites, much like the American
National Anthem was set to a beer hall tune by Francis Scott Key.
El is called the "father of men", "creator",
and "creator of the creation".
These
attributes are granted Yahweh in the
Old Testament.
Among
the inhabitants of Ugarit, Yahweh
was viewed as a son of El.
Other deities worshiped at Ugarit were El Shaddai, El
Elyon, and El Berith. All of these names are applied to
Yahweh by the writers of the
Old Testament. The Hebrew
theologians adopted the titles of the Canaanite
gods and attributed them to
Yahweh in an effort to eliminate
them. This process is known as assimilation. (The
Roman Catholics made saints out local gods to
get indigenous peoples to worship as the Roman Catholics wished them to
worship.)
The most important of the Canaanite lesser
gods were;
Baal; Asherah; Yam, the god
of the sea, and Mot, the
god of death.
Yam is the Hebrew word
for sea.
Mot is the Hebrew
word for death.
Asherah, is called the wife of
Baal in the
Old Testament; but she is
also known as the consort of Yahweh.
In the cult of Yahweh,
Asherah is
Yahweh's female
counterpart.
In the
Old Testament
Baal is named 76 times.
The
prophets protested constantly
against the love affair the
Israelites had with
Baal.
Israelites viewed
Yahweh as a
god of the desert and so when they arrived in
Canaan they thought it only proper to adopt Baal, the god
of fertility. For these Israelites
Yahweh was useful in the desert but
not much help in the fertile land of Canaan.
One of the central
Ugaritic myths was the
story of Baal's enthronement as king.
In the
story, Baal is killed by
Mot in the
Fall of the year and he remains dead until the Spring of the year when he
is reborn and re-enthroned as king.
The
Old Testament also celebrates
the enthronement of Yahweh.
As in the Ugaritic myth, the
purpose of
Yahweh's enthronement is to re-enact
creation.
Yahweh overcomes
death by his continually recurring
creative acts, the bestowing of
life.
The major difference between the
Ugaritic myth and the
biblical hymns is that
Yahweh's kingship is
eternal and uninterrupted while
Baal's is interrupted every year by his
death in the Fall.
Baal as the god of fertility dies, so the vegetation dies; and
when he is reborn so is the Earth in the Spring.
Not so with Yahweh; for
since Yahweh is always
alive,
Yahweh is always
powerful.
Israel and
Ugarit both practiced a yearly ritual known as the
sending out of the "scapegoats";
one for god and one for a demon. A goat is sent into the
wilderness for Azazel, a
demon, and one is sent into the
wilderness for
Yahweh. This rite is
known as a "eliminatory" rite; that is,
corruption, in this case
communal sin, is placed on
the head of the goat and it is sent away. In this way it was
believed that, magically, the corruption and
communal sin was removed
from the community.
"Aaron is to lay both hands on the
head of the live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and rebellion of
the Israelites - all their sins - and put them on the goat's head. Aaron shall
send the goat away into the desert in the care of a man appointed for the task.
The goat will carry on itself all their sins to a solitary place; and the man
shall release it into the desert." - Leviticus 16:21-22
The same
ritual was performed at Ugarit; with one notable difference -
at Ugarit a
woman priest was involved in the ritual as
well.
The rituals performed in Ugaritic worship involved a great deal
of alcohol and sexual promiscuity.
Worship at Ugarit was essentially a
drunken orgy in which priests
and
worshipers indulged in excessive drinking and excessive sexuality.
The
worshipers were attempting to convince Baal to send rain for the crops.
Rain
and semen were seen in ancient time as of the same
essence, both produced
fruit.
Worshipers in fertility
religions typically
behaved in this manner.
In the cult of Yahweh the
priests were forbidden to partake of wine
while performing any rituals and females were barred from the precincts of the
temple, a patriarchal approach of severe separation of self from
emotion as opposed to a compassionate matriarchal approach of
communal passion.
"Recent archeological digs have provided evidence
that Jerusalem was a big and fortified city already in 1800 BCE ... Findings
show that the sophisticated water system heretofor attributed to the conquering
Israelites pre-dated them by eight centuries and was even more sophisticated
than imagined ... Dr. Ronny Reich, who directed the excavation along with Eli
Shuikrun, said the entire system was built as a single complex by Canaanites in
the Middle Bronze Period, around 1800 BCE." - The Jewish Bulletin, July 31,
1998 |
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