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Some men are only to be made cautious by their
own experience, they must suffer before
they become wary.
"The entire world of modern human experience is
built upon a story.
Such is the
power of word.
What is
property, for example, but an agreement?
What is
money, but another agreement about the meaning
of yet other symbols, pieces of paper and bits in a
computer?
What is time, but an agreement as
well that something we have constructed means something?
The
coordination of human activity, necessary for anything beyond Neolithic
technology, rests on a shared interpretation of symbols. It rests on meaning, and these meanings
together comprise our story about
the world." -
Charles
Eisenstein
Experience is defined
as:
To undergo.
To live through.
An event as
sensed.
To participate in personally.
Trial, as a test or
experiment.
The
knowledge or skill
derived.
Undergo an emotional
sensation; "He felt
regret".
An event or a series of events
participated in or lived
through.
Of mental or bodily states or
experiences: "get an
idea"; "experience vertigo".
First
hand knowledge of states, situations,
emotions, or sensations;
"I know the
feeling!"
The content of direct
observation or participation in an event; "he had a religious experience".
The accumulation
of knowledge or skill
that results from direct participation in events or activities.
The
understanding of an object, thought, or
emotion through the senses
or mind: a child's first
experience of
snow.
Active participation in events
or activities, leading to the accumulation of knowledge or skill: a
lesson taught by
experience. The effect
upon the judgment or feelings produced by any event, whether witnessed
or participated in; personal and direct impressions as contrasted with description
or fancies; personal acquaintance; actual
enjoyment or suffering.
An
act of
knowledge, one or more, by which single facts or general truths are ascertained;
experimental or inductive
knowledge; hence, implying skill, facility, or practical wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling or
action; as, a ruler
without
experience of
war.
"The most permanent lessons in
morals are those which come, not of
book teaching, but of
experience. It is from
experiences such as mine that we
get our education of life.
We string them into jewels or into tinware, as we may choose."-
Mark Twain
"Television and
video games are attractive because they (temporarily) assuage our hunger for
experience; yet at the same time they are a primary contributor to the
separation from reality." - Charles
Eisenstein
wars float financial
bubbles
"When new money is created, its effect is not felt
instantaneously across all market sectors. The effect moves from one individual
to another individual and thus from one market to another market. Monetary
pumping generates bubble activities across all markets as time goes by. Once,
however, the central bank tightens its monetary stance, i.e. reduces monetary
pumping, this undermines various bubble activities. The bubble bursts. Since
monetary pumping generates bubble activities across all markets, obviously the
eventual bursting of the bubbles will permeate all markets." - Frank
Shostak
the Mississippi bubble Louis XIV, the
"Sun King," had consolidated French power in Europe but the Nine Year War and
the War of Spanish Succession had effectively bankrupt France by 1715 the year
of Louis XIV's death. France defaulted on its debt, high taxes burdened the
economy and the value of gold and silver currency fluctuated wildly. Louis XV
turned to, the Duke of Orleans who turned to John Law, a Scottish adventurer,
economic theorist, and financial wizard/engineer.
In 1716 John Law
established the Banque Générale, a bank with the authority to
issue fiat bank notes. In 1717 John Law established the Compagnie d'Occident
("Company of the West") and obtained a 25-year monopoly to develop the vast
French territories in the Mississippi River valley of North America. John Law's
company soon monopolized the French tobacco and African slave trades, and by
1719 the Compagnie des Indes ("Company of the Indies"), as it had been renamed,
held a complete monopoly of France's colonial trade.
John Law took over
the collection of French taxes and the minting of money; in effect, John Law
controlled both the country's foreign trade and its finances. An effective
marketing scheme was developed describing the Compagnie des Indes as a future
profit generator due to its monopolistic controls of the exaggerated the wealth
of Louisiana. This marketing scheme sent the price for a share from 500 to
10,000 livres , completely out of all proportion to earnings.
By 1719
John Law had issued approximately 625,000 stock shares, and he soon afterward
merged the Banque Générale with the Compagnie des Indes. In 1719
the Compagnie bought the right to collect all French indirect taxes, took over
the collection of direct taxes, purchased the right to mint new coinage. The
center piece of this financial plan was the retirement of Louis XIV's debt.
Shares of the Compagnie des Indes were exchanged for state-issued public
securities, or billets d'état, which consequently also rose sharply in
value.
The French government debt, 1,000% of the annual budget, became
property of the Compagnie des Indes.
A frenzy of wild speculation
ensued that led to a general stock-market boom across Europe. The French
government took advantage of this situation by printing increased amounts of
paper money, which was readily accepted by the state's creditors because it
could be used to buy more shares of the Compagnie. Excessive issue of paper
money stimulated galloping inflation, and both the paper money and the billets
d'état began to lose their value.
By 1720 the value of the
shares of the Compagnie plummeted, causing a general stock market crash in
France and other countries. The financial engineer John Law was made the
scapegoat and was forced to flee France.
The enormous debts of his company and bank were soon afterward consolidated and
taken over by the state, which raised taxes in order to retire it.
the South Sea bubbleIn 1711 the South
Sea Company, a joint stock company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's
South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish
Succession. The South Sea Company assumed the national debt England had
incurred during the war in return for the monoploy.
Speculation in the
company's stock led to a great economic bubble known as the South Sea Bubble in
1720.
The primary trading business of the South Sea Company was
transporting slaves from Africa to America.
In 1719 the South Sea
Company proposed a scheme by which it would buy more than half the national
debt of Britain (£30,981,712), again with new shares, and a promise to
the government that the debt would be converted to a lower interest rate, 5%
until 1727 and 4% per year thereafter. The purpose of this was to allow a
conversion of high-interest but difficult-to-trade debt into low-interest,
readily marketable debt and shares of the South Sea Company.
The South
Sea Company then set to marketing the stock with "the most extravagant rumours"
of the value of its potential trade in the New World which was followed by a
wave of "speculating frenzy." The share price rose from from £128 in
January 1720 to £890 in early June even though trade with Spanish
colonies was limited to one ship carrying not more than 500 tons of cargo and
the slave trade.
When the speculative adventure collapsed the estates
of the directors of the company were confiscated and used to repay some
creditors, and the stock of the South Sea Company was divided between the major
creditors - the Bank of England and East India Company.
tulip mania bubble Tulip mania or
tulipomania (Dutch names include tulpenmanie, tulpomanie, tulpenwoede,
tulpengekte, and bollengekte) was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which
contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached
extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed.
At the peak of
tulip mania in February 1637, tulip contracts sold for more than 10 times the
annual income of a skilled craftsman.
The mosaic virus spreads only
through buds, not seeds, and so cultivating the most appealing varieties takes
years. Propagation is greatly slowed down by the virus. Tulips bloom in April
and May for only about a week, and the secondary buds appear shortly
thereafter. Bulbs can be uprooted and moved about from June to September, and
thus actual purchases (in the spot market) occurred during these months. During
the rest of the year, traders signed contracts before a notary to purchase
tulips at the end of the season (effectively futures contracts).
Short
selling was banned by an edict of 1610, which was reiterated or strengthened in
1621 and 1630, and again in 1636. Short sellers were not prosecuted under these
edicts, but their contracts were deemed unenforceable. In 1636, the Dutch
created a type of formal futures markets where contracts to buy bulbs at the
end of the season were bought and sold. Traders met in "colleges" at taverns
and buyers were required to pay a 2.5% "wine money" fee, up to a maximum of
three florins, per trade.
Neither party paid an initial margin nor a
mark-to-market margin, and all contracts were with the individual
counterparties rather than with the exchange. No deliveries were ever made to
fulfill these contracts because of the market collapse in February 1637.
On February 24, 1637, the self-regulating guild of Dutch florists, in a
decision that was later ratified by the Dutch Parliament, announced that all
futures contracts written after November 30, 1636 and before the re-opening of
the cash market in the early Spring, were to be interpreted as option
contracts.
This change of law was done at the behest of major Dutch
tulip investors who were trying to recoup lost money because of a German
setback in the Thirty Years' War. They did this by simply relieving the futures
buyers of the obligation to buy the future tulips, forcing them merely to
compensate the sellers with a small fixed percentage of the contract price.
This trade was centered in Haarlem during the height of a bubonic plague
epidemic, which may have contributed to a culture of fatalistic risk
taking.
In summation all three of these speculative run-ups
in the value of tulip bulbs or stock was caused directly by war. Tulip
investors were trying to recoup loses from betting on Germany's success in the
Thirty Years War while both the South Sea and Mississippi bubbles were designed
to retire onerous government debt due primarily to the expenses involved in the
War of Spanish Succession.
See
memory
See Aldous Leonard Huxley |
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