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Poland officially adopts Roman
Catholicism.
In 2005 approximately 88% of Poles identified
themselves as Catholic.
Kazimierz (Latin: Casimiria;
Yiddish Kuzmir) is a historical district of Kraków (Poland), best known
for being home to a Jewish
community from the 14th century until the World War II.
Jews had
played an important role in the Kraków region economy since the end
thirteenth century.
The Jewish community in Kraków had lived
undisturbed alongside their Christian neighbors under the protective King
Kazimierz III.
Poland's
nobility, unlike France's aristocracy,
was not a rigidly exclusive, closed
class.
Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and
Jews, could and did rise in Polish
society.
The Szlachta,
a legally privileged noble class in the
Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was
tolerant of other
religions.
There were almost no conflicts based on faith, and
szlachta members are known to have intervened several times to pacify religious
conflicts.
In the 18th century many followers
of Jacob Frank, a Jewish religious leader
born in Podolia who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed
messiah Sabbatai Zevi, joined
the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry.
1648-1654 Ukrainian Cossacks revolted against the
Polish szlachta who have attempted to force Cossacks into submissions as
peasants.
The Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki
Uprising or Khmelnytsky/Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a rebellion or war of
liberation in the lands of present-day
Ukraine which raged from
1648-1654.
Cossacks allied with
Crimean Tatars, along
with the local Ukraine peasantry, fought several battles against the armies and
szlachtian disorganized militia of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and
eradicated the control of the Polish szlachta, Roman Catholic priests and their
Jewish intermediaries.
The Uprising started as the rebellion of the
Cossack estate, but as other Orthodox Christian classes (peasants, burghers,
petty nobility) of the Ukrainian
palatinates joined them, the ultimate aim became a creation of an autonomous
Ukrainian state.
The Uprising succeeded in ending the Polish Catholic
domination over the Orthodox Christian population.
1654
Pereyaslav Agreement Eastern Ukraine is incorporated into the Tsardom of
Russia when the Cossacks swear allegiance to the Tsar.
August 5, 1772 The First
Partition of Poland.
The balance of power in Europe shifted with Russian
victories against the Ottomans in the
Russo-Türkish War (17681774) strengthening Russia and endangering
Habsburg interests in the region (particularly in Moldavia and
Wallachia).
King Frederick
II of Prussia suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria,
Prussia, and Russia, with the largest share going to the party most weakened by
the recent changes in balance of power, Austria.
January 23, 1793 Russian and
Prussian troops enter the Commonwealth again and cleave the Second Partition.
Austria did not participate in the Second Partition.
Kosciuszko
Uprising against the Russian Empire and the
Kingdom of Prussia is led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
October 24, 1795 Third Partition of
Poland takes place in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish Kosciuszko Uprising
the previous year.
Partitions of Poland eliminate sovereignity of Poland
and Lithuania for 123
years.
1918
Commonwealth of Poland, the Polish state is re-established in the aftermath of
World War I.
500,000 Poles
from the Soviet Union return to Poland.
1919 Polish government introduces
compulsory education
for all children aged 7 to 14.
Between November 1919 and June 1924
some 1,200,000 people leave the territory of the USSR for Poland.
1921 27.2 million people reside in Poland, 30.8% of the
population consists of ethnic minorities.
16,057,229 Poles (approx.
62.5%) are Roman (Latin) Catholics.
3,031,057 citizens of Poland
(approx. 11.8%) are Eastern Rite Catholics (mostly Ukrainian Greek Catholics
and Armenian Rite Catholics).
2,815,817 (approx. 10.95%) are Greek
Orthodox;
2,771,949 (approx. 10.8%) are Jewish;
940,232
(approx. 3.7%) are Protestants (mostly Lutheran).;
1931 Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the
world, with one-fifth of all the world's Jews residing within its borders
(approx. 3,136,000).
1935 After Józef
Pilsudski dies the Endecja intensified their efforts which lead to violence in
a few cases pogroms in smaller towns.
1937
Endecja pass resolutions that "its main aim and duty must be to remove the Jews
from all spheres of social, economic, and cultural life in
Poland".
1938 Second Republic of the Commonwealth
of Poland is the sixth largest country in Europe.
1939 It is estimated 35.1 million reside
in Poland.
Almost a third of population came from minority groups:
13.9% Ruthenians; 10% Ashkenazi Jews; 3.1% Belarusians; 2.3% Germans and 3.4%
Czechs and Lithuanians.
At the same time, a significant number of
ethnic Poles live outside the borders. |
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