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"Sentences may be not only true or
false but meaningless simply because of
inconsistent uses of language
patterns." - Bertrand Arthur
William Russell
Sentences may be neither true or false.
Sentences designed to decieve
use doubletalk or
doublespeak.
Sentences may be designed to be
purposely meaningless.
Sentences designed to be purposely
meaningless may have been designed to be that way for
psycholinguistic purposes to drive
transformational change.
Liar Paradox shows the common
understanding of the essence of tautologies and fallacies actually leads to
an irreconcilable
contradiction.
Sentences can be
constructed completely in accord with grammar and semantic rules that
cannot consistently be assigned a
truth value.
Consider the
simplest version of the paradox, the sentence;
This statement is false.
If we suppose the statement is true,
everything asserted in it must
be true.
However, because the
statement asserts that it is itself false,
it must be false.
The hypothesis it is true
leads to the contradiction as it is both true and false.
The
hypothesis
the sentence is false also
leads to a
contradiction.
If the statement
is false, then what it says
about itself is not true.
It says that it is false,
so that must not be
true. Hence, it
is true.
Under either
hypothesis, the statement
is both true and false.
We feel the statement
must be either true or false.
This points to a
contradiction in the way we abstractly visualize reality.
As the
Liar Sentence can be shown to
be true if it is false and
false if it is true
the Liar Sentence can
be neither true or false as it is simply nonsense.
To
solve the riddle of the Liar Paradox
one must reject a common
myth about truth and falsity -
the claim every statement
has to be true or false.
This is called the Principle of
Bivalence.
A strengthened version of the Liar Paradox counters the
proposal that the statement is neither true or false.
This statement is not
true.
If this
statement is not true, then it is false -
which is not what it
says.
Every statement
includes an implicit assertion of its own truth.
For example the
statement "It is true that two plus two equals
four" does not actually need the words "It is true" as this is
implicit in all statements.
Thus the statement;
This statement is false.
Is logically equivalent to;
This statement is true and this statement is
false.
This is a
simple contradiction of the form "A and not A".
This statement is
false is a logical
contradiction.
This analysis does not provide a solution
to versions of the Liar Paradox that do not use direct self-reference,
such as the two-sentence version:
The next sentence is false.
The preceding sentence is true.
Neither of these is by
itself contradictory, but there is no way to assign
truth values to them
consistently, so we still have a
paradox.
Series of
sentences are paradoxical
or congruent upon contingent facts.
I've been one rotten
kid
Some son, some pride and some joy
But I'll get over these
lousin' up
Messin' up, screwin' up times
You'll see, ma, now
comes the better part
Someone's gonna make good
cross his heart
Make good and finally make you
Proud of your boy
Tell
me that I've been a louse and
loafer
You won't get
a fight here, no, ma'am
Say I'm a goldbrick, a goof-off, no
good
But that couldn't be all that I am
Water flows under the bridge, let it
pass
There's no
good reason you should believe me,
not yet I know, but
someday and soon
I'll make you proud of your boy
Though I can't make myself taller
Or
smarter or
handsome or
wise
I'll do my best, what else
can I do?
Since I wasn't
born perfect like dad or you
Mom, I will try to try hard to make
you
Proud of your boy
"When one watches some
tired political hack on the platform mechanically repeating the familiar
phrases -- bestial
atrocities, iron
heel, bloodstained
tyranny, free peoples of the
world, stand shoulder to
shoulder - one often has a curious feeling that one is not watching
a live human being but some kind
of golem: a feeling which suddenly becomes stronger at moments when the
light catches the
speaker' spectacles and turns them into blank discs.
This is not
altogether fanciful as a speaker who uses that kind of phraseology has
gone some distance
toward turning himself into a machine.
The appropriate noises are coming out of his
larynx, but his brain is not involved as it would be if he were choosing his words
for himself.
If the speech he is making is one that he is
accustomed to make over and over again,
he may be almost unconscious of
the script he is repeating.
This reduced state of
consciousness is required for political conformity.
Political speech is
largely the defense
of the indefensible.
Things like the continuance of British
rule in India, the Russian
purges and deportations, the
dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but
only by arguments which are too
brutal for most people to face, and which
do not square with the
professed aims of the political parties.
Political language has to
consist largely of euphemism, question begging and
sheer cloudy vagueness to fool
the two wings of political thought.
Defenseless villages are bombarded
from the air, cattle machine
gunned, huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called
pacification.
Millions of peasants are robbed
of farms and sent trudging along roads with what they can carry: this is
transfer of population or
rectification of
frontiers.
People are
imprisoned for years,
shot in the back or sent to die of
scurvy in Arctic lumber
camps: elimination of
unreliable elements." - George Orwell
Critical thinking is
analytical thinking.
Critical thinking questions are
used to explore mental models.
Critical thinking is a process for
actively exploring situational reality.
Critical thinking involves
being skeptical:
identifying ambiguities and
assumptions;
identifying
contradictions;
deciding whether a
definition is adequate;
examining the logic leading to a
given conclusion;
judging whether a statement is
overly general;
critiquing the application of
principles and concepts;
and
determining whether a
statement made by authority is relevant.
"Thinking isn't rewarded because
it isn't wanted.
The idea of creating the need to
gain admission to an elite
university is to make sure bright students channel their energies in
approved ways.
Their study is just a test of
ambition,
endurance and
intelligence.
If a student puts up with such
study she/he will do whatever it takes.
The
expected result of such
Pavlovian training is the ideal
employee.
One who will
automatically think
only along approved
lines, going along with whatever is
demanded of him to get along. "- Raymond J. Rostan
William of
Ockham, a Franciscan, taught at Oxford from 1309 to
1323.
William taught Jesus and Francis of Assisi exemplary lives
taught spiritual
perfection could be achieved only through
renunciation of worldly goods.
William of Ockham
branded the Pope
John XXII a
heretic as the office of
Pope, declaring authority over
all things, temporal and spirtual, was bought.
William
excommunicated for
his views was forced to flee to exile in Bavaria.
William of Ockham
believed that the law
of freedom at the core of the biblical gospel meant that individuals will
find liberation from
ignorance in faith in patnership with the Creator which alone can bring inner
peace.
William of Ockham stands at the
beginning of a long modern tradition
where the human mind in its struggle with the contingent order of being
seeks to overcome the gap
between itself and reality.
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