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  During the Pujo Money
								Trust investigation Samuel Untermeyer
								personally cross examines JP
								Morgan and other Wall Street
								investment bankers.
  The Pujo Money Trust Committee
								concludes:
  Panic of 1907
								started with the closing of the Knickerbocker Trust when
								its clearing bank, National Bank of
								Commerce, refuses to act as its clearing agent any longer:
  -
								clearing house associations are discriminating via capital requirements as well
								as predatory membership and
								discriminatory member
								policies.   - predatory listing practices are forcing restrictions on
								both members and non-members of the New York Stock Exchange as well
								as "unwholesome speculation" and
								price manipulation by large groups
								colluding for profit.
  - consolidation of banks and interlocking
								directorates (small group of men serving as directors on several boards) has
								led to acumulation of wealth concentrating 42.9% of
								banking resources into the twenty largest banks. 
  Investigators found
								that 180 individuals in 341 directorship positions
								in 112 corporations with $22,245,000,000 in aggregate resources of
								capitalization.
   
								
  
  At least 18 different major
								financial corporations were under the control of a cartel led by
								John P. Morgan,
								George Fisher Baker and
								James
								Stillman.
  At the turn of the century, these three men, through the
								resources of seven banks and trust companies (Bankers Trust,
								Guaranty Trust, Astor Trust,
								National
								Bank of Commerce, Liberty National Bank, Chase National Bank,
								Farmer's Loan and Trust) control an estimated $2.1 billion. 
  The
								report reveals that a handful of men hold manipulative control of the New
								York Stock Exchange.
   
								
  
  The Pujo Report singles
								out Paul Warburg, Jacob Hirsch
								Schiff, Felix
								Warburg, Frank E.
								Peabody, William Avery Rockefeller Jr. and Benjamin Strong - the
								Money
								Trust.
  Pujo Committee Abandons Hope of Getting Financier to
								Testify
  Few know that the Tsars of Russia continually opposed a
								central bank in Russia and supported
								Abraham Lincoln
								during the Civil War. 
  The
								US-Russian Alliance that Saved the Union
 
   
								
   
								   
								   
								   1911 
  Corporations begin to finance
								expansion out of profits instead of borrowing. 
  In the first 10 years of
								the 20th century, 70% of corporate funding comes from profits.
  Samuel Untermeyer delivers
								the speech "Is There a Money Trust?"
  Charles A. Lindbergh asserts
								the banking trust should be investigated.
  An 'educational' fund of
								$5,000,000 is set up to finance academics at top
								universities to endorse the new central banking plan.
  The newly
								chartered central bank, modeled on the
								Bank of North
								America, given a monopoly over US currency to
								create money without collateral. 
  In order to persuade the public
								consciousness the "new" central banking system is under control of the US
								government, the plan calls for the central bank to be run by a Board of
								Governors appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
  "When
								that monetary bill was given to the country, it was but a few days previous to
								the meeting of the American Bankers
								Association in New Orleans in 1911. There was not one banker in a
								hundred who had read that bill. We had twelve addresses in favor of it." -
								Andrew Frame 1911
  1912 The Aldrich Bill is
								presented to Congress for debate and quickly identified as a bill to benefit
								private central bankers. 
  "The Aldrich Plan is the Wall Street Plan. It
								means panic, if necessary, to intimidate
								the people.
								Aldrich, paid by the government to represent the people, proposes a plan for
								the trusts instead." - Charles A. Lindbergh
  "Under the Aldrich Plan the
								bankers are to have local associations and district associations, and when you
								have a local organization, central control is assured.
								When you have hooked the banks together, they can have the biggest influence of
								anything in this country, with the exception of the
								newspapers." - Leslie
								Shaw
  Republican leadership schism never brings the Aldrich Bill to a
								vote.
  During the Democratic presidential campaign,
								Woodrow Wilson and the
								leadership of the Democratic Party pretend to oppose the Aldrich Bill.
								
  "The Aldrich Bill was condemned in the platform of Woodrow Wilson.
								
  The men who ruled the Democratic Party promised
								the people that if they were
								returned to power there would be no central bank established here. 
  Thirteen months later that promise was
								broken, Woodrow Wilson, under the tutelage of sinister Wall Street figures
								who stood behind Edward Mandell
								House, established in our free country
								the worm-eaten monarchical
								institution of the, 'King'
								Bank,' to control us
								from the top downward,  and to shackle us from the cradle to the
								grave." - Louis T. McFadden
 
  "We object to the Aldrich Bill on
								the following points: 
  Lack of adequate government or public control of
								the mechanism it sets up. 
  Puts voting control into the hands of the
								large banks of the system. 
  The extreme danger of inflation of currency
								inherent in the system.
  The insincerity of the bond funding plan
								provided for by there being a barefaced pretense that this system is to cost
								the government nothing.
  The dangerous monopolistic aspects of the bill."
								- Carter Glass
   
								
   
								   
								   
								   
								   
								   
								   
								   
									  
										Big money is turning its
										  back on companies that aren't conforming to one simple idea
										  Sustainability. 
  It's fueling one of the biggest transfers of capital
										  the world has ever seen.
  BlackRock, with over $7 trillion in assets
										  under management, says its clients will double investments in just five
										  years
 
  Money managers on the Street are saying
										  climate change is their top
										  concern
 
  Sustainable assets already account for $17.1
										  trillion
 
  But there could be as much as $120 trillion up for
										  grabs.  |  
									   
								     
								"The Federal Reserve was intended to promote price
								  stability, prevent financial
								  panics and smooth out the amplitude of the business cycle.
								  
  Ironically, and unbeknownst to most Americans, Federal Reserve policy
								  is enormously responsible for the boom-and-bust economic metric.
								  
  Interest rate reductions, money supply manipulation, currency
								  intervention, and interference in the private sector are not the marks of a
								  free-market economy." - Drew Klein 04/08 1913 Paul
								Warburg and Bernard
								Mannes Baruch advance a new monetary system Paul Warburg calls the Federal
								Reserve system.
  The leadership of the Democratic Party hail this new
								bill, the "Glass-Owen" bill, as totally different to the Aldrich Bill, when it
								is virtually identical. 
  "Without Paul Warburg there would have been no
								Federal Reserve Act. 
  The banking
								house of Warburg and
								Warburg in Hamburg has always been strictly a family business.
								
  None but a Warburg has been eligible for it, but all have been born
								into it. 
  In 1895 Paul Warburg married the daughter of the late Solomon Loeb of Kuhn, Loeb &
								Company. Paul Warburg became a member of Kuhn, Loeb & Company in
								1902." - Harold Kelloch
								
 
  "Paul Warburg is the man who got the Federal Reserve Act together
								after the Aldrich Plan aroused nationwide resentment and
								opposition. 
  The mastermind of both plans was
								Baron Alfred de
								Rothschild of London." - Col. Garrison, an agent of Brown
								Brothers
  "Brushing aside the external differences affecting the,
								'shells,' we find the, 'kernals,' of the two systems very closely resembling
								and related to one another." - Paul Warburg
  Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, and
								Frank Vanderlip of National City
								Bank, publicly state their opposition to the bill in order to make
								people believe that the bill proposed is radically different from the Aldrich
								Bill. 
  "Although the Aldrich Federal Reserve Plan was defeated when it
								bore the name Aldrich, nevertheless its essential points were all contained in
								the plan that finally was adopted." - Frank Vanderlip, Saturday Evening
								Post
  "Congress should go slow on currency legislation. The recent
								artificial panic was to scare
								the country into forcing Congress to act quickly and blindly. 
  They are
								unwilling to have a people's government."- Alfred Owen Crozier
  With Congress near a vote on the Glass-Owen Alfred Crozier
								testified:
  "The bill should prohibit the granting or calling in of loans
								for the purpose of influencing quotation prices of securities and
								contracting of loans or
								increasing interest rates in concert
								by the banks to influence public opinion or action of any legislative body.
								
  The administration' currency bill grants what Wall Street and the big
								banks, for twenty-five years have been striving for -
								private control of currency. 
  It does
								this as completely as the Aldrich Bill. 
  Both proposals
								rob the people and the
								government of effective control over public money, and vest in the banks
								exclusively the dangerous power to make money among the people scarce or
								plenty. 
  The Aldrich Bill puts this power in one central bank.
								
  The Administration Bill puts it in twelve regional central bank, all
								owned exclusively by identical private interests that would have owned and
								operated the Aldrich Bank.
  President Garfield,
								before his assassination declared, whoever controls the supply of currency
								would control the business and activities of the people." - Alfred Crozier
								1913
   
								
  
   October
								Congress passes a bill, authored by Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich,
								legalizing a direct income tax of the
								people - the 16th amendment. 
  The
								income tax law is
								fundamental to the Federal Reserve system as  US treasury bond debt needs
								a source of income to retire that
								debt.
  The only way to guarantee payment of interest is to
								directly tax the
								people.
  If the Fed had to rely on contributions from the States
								(like the UN), it would be dealing with bigger entities, who could revolt and
								refuse to pay interest.
  According to Bill Benson
								the 16th amendment was never legally ratified .
  
								December 19 Senate passed a version by a vote of 54-34. Over forty
								important differences in the House and Senate versions remain to be settled.
								
  "The bill opens the way to a
								vast inflation of currency. I do not like to think a law can be passed
								which will make it possible to sink the
								Gold
								Standard in a flood
								of irredeemable paper currency." - Henry Cabot Lodge Sr. 
  Opponents
								of the bill in both houses of Congress are led to believe many weeks would
								elapse before the the Federal Reserve Act conference bill would be ready for
								consideration and left town to enjoy Christmas with family.
  December 22 Federal Reserve Act is passed by the House 282-60
								and the Senate 43-23. 
   
								
   
								  "Centralization of credit in the banks of the
									 state, by means of a national bank with state capital and
									 an exclusive
									 monopoly." Point 5 Communist Manifesto,
									 Karl Heinrich
									 Marx
  December 23,
								1913
  Woodrow Wilson signs the Federal
								Reserve Act.. 
  A comparative print of the Federal Reserve Act
								as passed by the House of Representatives and amended by the Senate shows the
								following change: 
  The Senate struck out, "To suspend the officials of
								Federal Reserve banks for cause, stated in writing with opportunity of hearing,
								require the removal of said official for incompetency, dereliction of duty,
								fraud or deceit, such removal to be subject to approval by the President of the
								United States." 
 
  
								Changed by the Senate to read "To suspend or remove any officer or director of
								any Federal Reserve bank, the cause of such removal to be forthwith
								communicated in writing by the Federal Reserve Board to the removed officer or
								director and to said bank."
								 
  The signing of the Federal Reserve Act by
								Woodrow Wilson represents the culmination of years of
								collusion betwwwn intimate friends, Edward Mandell House, Bernard Mannes
								Baruch, Paul Warburg, et al.
  "This Act establishes the
								most gigantic trust on earth. When
								the President signs this bill, the invisible government of the monetary power
								will be legalized." - Charles A Lindbergh Sr.
   
								
   
								  $1 in 1776 = $29.44 in 2019
  $20.00 in 1776
									 = $588.80 in 2019 
  December 24 Jacob Hirsch Schiff to Edward Mandell
								House:
  "My dear Colonel House. I want to say a word to you for the
								silent, but no doubt effective work you have done in the interest of currency
								legislation and to congratulate you that the measure has finally been enacted
								into law. I am with good wishes, faithfully yours, Jacob
								Schiff."
 
  "The first task of the
								Federal Reserve would be to finance the World War. 
  The European nations
								were already bankrupt, because they
								had maintained large
								standing armies for almost fifty years, a situation made by their own
								central banks, and therefore they could not finance a war. 
  A central
								bank always imposes a
								tremendous burden on the nation for "rearmament" and "defense", in order to
								create inextinguishable debt, simultaneously creating
								a military dictatorship
								and enslaving the people to pay the "interest" on the debt which the bankers
								have artificially created." - Eustice Mullins
  "Before passage of this
								Act, the New York bankers could only dominate the reserves of New York. Now we
								are able to dominate bank reserves of the entire country." -
								Nelson
								Wilmarth Aldrich 
 
   
								
  
  1914 At the start of World
								War I the German Rothschilds
								loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money
								to the British, and the French
								Rothschilds loan money to the French while the Federal Reserve
								provides liquidity with cash
								infusions.
 
  "To
								cause high prices, all the Federal Reserve Board will do will be to lower the
								rediscount rate, producing an expansion of credit and a rising stock market,
								then when business men are adjusted to these conditions, it can check
								prosperity in
								mid-career by arbitrarily raising the rate of interest. 
  It can cause
								the pendulum of a rising and falling market to swing gently back and forth by
								slight changes in the discount rate, or cause violent fluctuations by a greater
								rate variation, and in either case it will possess
								inside information as to financial
								conditions and advance knowledge of the coming change, either up or down.
								
  Inflation and
								deflation work equally well." - Charles A Lindbergh Sr. 
  Federal Reserve banks
								began operations on November 16 with total assets listed at $143,000,000
								garnered from the sale of shares in the Federal Reserve banks to stockholders
								of the national banks which subscribe.
  
								It seems most likely that
								from the very outset, the Federal Reserve operations were "paper issued against
								paper": fungible bookkeeping
								entries in a ledger comprised the only values which actually "changed
								hands."
  The stock in the original twelve regional Federal Reserve banks
								is purchased by national banks in the twelve regions:
								Boston,
								New York,
								Philadelphia,
								Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago,
								St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas
								City, Dallas and San Francisco.
  The Federal Reserve Bank of New York
								sets the interest rates and
								directs open market
								operations, controlling the daily supply and value of money.
  Each
								member bank of the Federal Reserve system owns nonnegotiable shares of stock in
								its regional Federal Reserve Bank. 
  A 6% dividend is paid on the stock
								to member banks which are all privately owned and operated.
  Federal
								Reserve Board of Governors must approve Federal Regional Bank
								presidents.
  1916
								Max Warburg opens an account by
								cable at (Rothschilds) Nya Banken in Stockholm, Sweden for
								Leon Trotsky.
  1917
								Woodrow Wilson calls for war on Germany. 
  With the entry of the US into
								the World War I, Julius H. Barnes, a
								grain salesman, and Prentiss Gray,
								a lumber shipping clerk, are
								given important posts in the new US Food Administration under Herbert
								Hoover.
  Julius H. Barnes became President of the Grain
								Corporation and Prentiss Gray becopmes chief of Marine
								Transportation.
  G. A. Zabriskie, is named head of the US Sugar
								Equalization Board. 
  All three - Julius H. Barnes, G. A. Zabriskie,
								Prentiss Gray - are agents for J. Henry Schröder Banking
								Corporation in New York
  After the World War I, the partners of J.
								Henry Schröder owned most of Cuba's sugar industry. 
  ME Rionda
								was president of Cuba
								Cane, director of Manati Sugar and American British and Continental
								Corporation, and other firms. 
  Kurt Freiherr von
								Schröder, senior partner of the firm, is a director of North
								British and Mercantile Insurance Company and also a director of Sao Paulo Coffee, the largest
								Brazilian coffee companies, with F.C. Tiarksr.
   
								 
								   
  March 4, 1918 Woodrow Wilson appoints Bernard Baruch chairman
								of the War Industries
								Board. 
  According to historian, James Perloff, Bernard Baruch
								profited by approximately 200 million dollars during World War I. 
   "If
								one understands that socialism is not a
								share-the-wealth
								program, but it is in reality a method to consolidate and control
								the wealth, then the seeming
								paradox of super-rich men
								promoting socialism becomes no paradox at all. 
  Instead it becomes
								logical, the perfect tool of power seeking meglomaniacs.
								
  Communism, or more
								accurately socialism, is not a movement of the downtrodden masses, but of the
								economic elite." - Gary Allen
  1919
								Paris Peace
								Conference takes place at the end of World War I.
  "No country
								can afford to have its prosperity originated by a small controlling class." -
								Woodrow Wilson
   
								
  
   "Half a dozen men at the top of
								the Big Five Banks could upset the whole
								fabric of government finance by refraining from renewing Treasury Bills." -
								London Financial Times 1921
  "If our nation can issue a dollar bond, it can
								issue a dollar bill. 
  The element that makes the bond good, makes
								the bill good.
  It is
								absurd to say that our country can issue 30 million dollars in bonds and
								not 30 million dollars in currency. 
  Both are promises to pay, but one
								promise fattens the usurers and the other helps the people." -
								Thomas Edison, December
								6, 1921 New York
								Times
  1921 Warren G. Harding is selected
								President of the United States, and succeeds Woodrow Wilson. 
  This
								begins the period which becomes known as the, "Roaring Twenties."
								
  Despite the fact that World War I had saddled America with debt ten
								times larger than the Civil War debt, the US economy grows. 
  Andrew William Mellon is
								Secretary of the Treasury.
  Gold pours
								into America during the war and continues to during the 1920's.
  Warren G. Harding reduced taxes
								domestically, and increased tariffs on
								imports to record levels.
  "The warning of
								Theodore Roosevelt
								has much timeliness today, for the
								real menace of our republic is this
								invisible government which
								like a giant octopus sprawls its slimy length over city, state, and nation.
								
  It seizes in powerful
								tentacles executive
								officers, legislative
								bodies, schools,
								courts,
								newspapers, and
								every agency created for the
								public protection.
  To depart from mere generalizations, let me say
								that at the head of this
								octopus are the Rockefeller-Standard Oil interest
								and a small group of powerful
								banking houses generally referred to as international bankers.
  They
								practically control both parties,
								write political platforms,
								make catspaws of party
								leaders, use the leading men of private organizations, and resort to every
								device to place in nomination for high public office only such candidates as
								will be amenable to the dictates of corrupt big business. 
  These
								international bankers
								and Rockefeller-Standard Oil interests control the majority of newspapers and
								magazines in this country." - John Hylan, Mayor of New York, March 26, 1922
								New York Times
								
  "The Jews are responsible for Bolshevism in Russia, and Germany
								too.
  I was far too indulgent with them during my reign, and I bitterly
								regret the favors I showed the prominent Jewish bankers."- German Kaiser
								Wilhelm II Chicago
								Tribune July 2, 1922
 
  1923 Warren G.
								Harding dies under mysterious circumstances. 
  Appearances suggest food
								poisoning or a stroke - no autopsy is performed. 
  Warren G. Harding is
								succeeded by his Vice-President Calvin Coolidge.
  Calvin Coolidge continues the tax
								cutting and tariff raising
								policies. 
  This policy is so successful the economy continues to
								grow, and the huge Federal debt built up during World War I, is reduced by
								38%.
  Federal Reserve begins increasing the money supply by
								62%.
   
								
  
   1927
								Bank of England Governor Montagu Norman,
								Benjamin Strong of the Federal Reserve
								Bank of New York, and Hjalmar Schacht of the
								Reichsbank, meet in conference. 
  Federal Reserve bails out the Bank of
								England by increasing the money
								supply through cheap loans.
  These cheap loans are used to purchase
								stock on margin sending the gold flowing back into the coffers of the
								Bank of England by
								reducing the value of the American dollar in relation to the British
								pound(£). 
 
  "I think it can hardly be disputed that the
								statesmen and financiers of Europe are ready to take almost any means to
								reacquire rapidly the gold stock which Europe lost to America as a result of
								World War I." - Louis T.
								McFadden, February 1931
 
  "In the 1920s, the US experienced a
								stock market boom as the commercial banks provided funds for the purchase of
								stock using the latter as collateral, creating
								a massive wave of
								underwriting and purchasing of securities. 
  The stock market
								speculation that followed was the result of the banks borrowing substantially
								from the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve System financed the great stock
								market boom." - Andrew Gavin Marshall
  1929
								
  Andrew William Mellon, Herbert
								Hoover's Secretary of the Treasury, spent much of the time overseas between
								1929-31 purportedly negotiating for repayment of European war debts from World
								War I. 
  Mellon served as a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank
								of Commerce. 
  Mellon advises
								Herbert Hoover:
								
  "Liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate farmers, liquidate real
								estate, it will purge the rottenness out of the system. High costs of living
								and high living will come down. People will work harder, live a more moral
								life. Values will be adjusted, and enterprising people will pick up from less
								competent people." 
  Mellon is the 3rd wealthiest man in America after
								Rockefeller and
								Ford.
  Paul Warburg
								sends out a warning that a collapse and
								nationwide depression are
								set in motion for later that year. 
  In August the Federal Reserve begins
								to tighten the money supply. 
  On 24th October
								New York bankers call in their 24 hour broker call loans.
 
  "The New
								York financiers started calling 24 hour broker call loans. 
  This meant
								that the stockbrokers and the customers had to dump their stock on the market
								in order to pay the loans. 
  This naturally collapsed the stock market
								and brought a banking collapse because the banks not owned by the oligarchy were
								heavily involved in broker call claims and bank runs soon exhausted their coin
								and currency. 
  The Federal Reserve system would not come to their aid,
								although they were instructed by law to maintain an elastic currency." -
								William Jennings Bryan
  "At the height of the
								selling frenzy Bernard Mannes Baruch brought
								Winston Churchill into the
								visitors gallery of the New York
								Stock Exchange to witness the panic and impress him with his power over
								the wild events on the floor." - John Kenneth Galbraith, The
								Great Crash 1929
  "Actually, it was the calculated 'shearing' of the
								public by the Money Power
								triggered by the planned sudden shortage of call money in the New York Money
								Market." - Curtis B. Dall 
  Curtis B. Dall, son-in-law of
								Franklin D
								Roosevelt, was a Lehman Brothers broker
								on the floor of the New York Stock
								Exchange on the day of the crash.
   
								
  
  "Those who controlled private
								capital largely walked away from the US economy for the entire 1930s, refusing
								to pump in enough new investment even to replace the machinery and
								goods-in-process that were consumed during the
								decade." - Robert P. Murphy
  1931
								Brown Brothers merges with
								two other business entities, Harriman Brothers and WA Harriman.
  1929 to 1933 Despite claims of the Federal Reserve protecting
								the country against depressions and inflation, the
								money supply is reduced by an
								additional 33%. 
  "The Federal Reserve definitely caused the
								Great Depression by
								contracting the amount of currency in circulation by one-third from 1929 to
								1933." - Milton Friedman, radio interview January 1996
  In only a few
								weeks from the day of the crash, 3 billion dollars of wealth vanished.
								
  Within a year, 40 billion dollars of wealth vanish.
  It did not
								disappear, it just ended up consolidated in fewer and fewer
								hands.
     
								
  
  Emergency Banking Act of March 9,
								1933
  "The Federal Reserve Board has
								pumped so many millions of
								dollars into Germany that they dare not name the total." - Louis T.
								McFadden, Chairman House Banking & Currency Committee
  General
								Motors, General Electric,
								DuPont were intimately
								related to the growth of the Nazi
								war armaments industry and profited handsomely.
  The money pumped
								into Germany for World War II, was pumped into German banks affiliated with the
								Harriman interest in New
								York.
   
								
  
   1989
								Representative Henry Gonzalez, of Texas, introduces House Resolution 1469,
								calling for the abolition of the Fed
								Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve system.
  He also
								introduced House Resolution 1470, calling for the repeal of the Federal Reserve
								Act of 1913. 
  During the same session, Representative Phil Crane of
								Illinois, introduced H.R. 70, calls for an annual audit of the Federal Reserve.
								
  These efforts fail.
  Americans are told to believe that the
								deaths of Senator John Heinz
								(outspoken Vietnam War critic),
								Senator John Tower (investigated the Reagan/Bush era Iran-Contra scandal) and
								Senator Paul Wellstone (against repeal of Glass-Steagall) in separate airplane
								crashes were "coincidence." 
  1991 "John Tower had been an outspoken critic of the
								Establishment.
								
  John Tower had a very strong sense of
								right and wrong,
								particularly on matters concerning
								national
								security. 
  He was well known for "bucking" the tide. 
  This
								backfired on him with deadly results when certain members of Congress, loyal to
								the Reagan and
								Bush faction of the Intelligence
								Community, banded together against him in a smear campaign which resulted
								in the denial of Tower's confirmation as Secretary of Defense.
  Outraged
								over the undocumented allegation made to slander his name, Tower began the book
								writing process so feared in Washington circles. 
  His controversial book
								heavily criticizes his old crony pals in Congress. 
  John Tower dies in a
								plane crash on April 5, 1991. 
  One day earlier on April 4, 1991, Senator
								John Heinz dies in a blazing plane crash near Philadelphia. 
  The
								official reports state the plane's landing gear suddenly malfunctioned.
								
  A helicopter was sent up to check out the gear, only to end up
								(allegedly) crashing into the plane itself." - Alexander
								James
   
								
   
								  
  "Scores of banks failed in
								the Great Depression as a result of unsound banking practices, and their
								failure only deepened the crisis. 
  Glass-Steagall was intended to protect our
								financial system by insulating commercial banking from other forms of risk.
								
  It was one of several stabilizers designed to keep the tragedy from
								recurring. 
  Now Congress is about to
								repeal that economic stabilizer
								without putting any comparable safeguard in its place." -
								Senator Paul
								Wellstone
  2002
								  "In the last decade reserve
								balances have fallen dramatically. 
  The decline stems from
								regulatory action:
								the Federal Reserve eliminated reserve requirements on large time deposits in
								1990 and lowered the
								requirements on transaction accounts in
								1992. 
  The decline in
								required reserves was caused by growth of sweep accounts. 
  In the most
								common form of sweeping, retail checking account funds are shifted overnight
								into savings accounts exempt from reserve requirements and then returned to
								customers' checking accounts the next business day. 
  Largely as a result
								of this practice, today only 30% of banks are bound by a
								reserve balance
								requirement." - Federal
								Reserve Bank of New York, 2002
  A time deposit is an
								interest-bearing account with a pre-set date of maturity. 
  A certificate
								of deposit (CD) is the best-known example. 
  IMPACT OF
								LARGE TIME DEPOSITS ON GROWTH RATE OF M1 
  Senator Paul Wellstone
								dies a plane crash on 25 October 2002, 11 days before he was to stand in
								re-election in a crucial race the midterm US senate election to maintain
								Democratic control of the Senate.
  Wellstone's upset victory in 1990 and
								subsequent re-election in 1996 was credited to a massive grassroots campaign,
								which inspired college
								students, poor
								people and minorities to get
								involved in politics for the very first time.
  Paul David Wellstone
								was accussed of being
								apostate for
								marrying a Gentile and
								not raising his children in the Jewish faith. 
  Senator John Heinz and
								Senator John Tower served on Senate banking and finance committees and, having
								been members of the Council on Foreign
								Relations, saw plans
								for world tyranny through foreign policy. 
  2005   Treasury Department figures show
								that from 1776 - 2000, all the previous American Presidents borrowed a total of
								$1.01 trillion dollars.
  Between 2001 and 2005 the Bush administration
								borrowed $1.05 trillion.
   
								
   
								   
								   
								  
  2008 
  Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board,
								Ben Salom Bernanke, testifies: 
  "A recession is not on the horizon,
								but quick passage of an economic stimulus package plus aggressive action by the
								Federal Reserve are the appropriate prescription for the ailing
								economy."
  By March 2008,
								all of the major US
								investment banks have either merged with commercial banks, failed, or
								voluntarily placed themselves under Federal Reserve control.
  "It could
								be argued that the Fed appears to be rescuing those who caused the problem at
								the expense of others who had nothing to do with it. 
  The government has
								already established a major ownership position in the financial services
								industry." - Mark Jickling, November 24, 2008
  "Even though the Federal Reserve is now the biggest
								single participant in the financial system, the myth of a "free market" still lingers
								on. 
  The Fed has expanded its
								balance sheet by $2 trillion,
								guaranteed $8.5 trillion of toxic
								mortgage backed paper, provided a backstop for commercial paper,
								bank deposits, money
								markets, and created 8 lending
								facilities to ensure underwater financial institutions still appear to be
								solvent. 
  The whole system is a
								state subsidized operation buoyed on a
								taxpayer provided flotation
								device which bears no resemblance to
								an invisible hand.
								
  It's flagrant blackmail and
								everyone knows it. 
  It's an attempt to reignite spending by goosing the market.
								
  When consumers can't
								sustain demand, the government has to step in.
  The real worry is Bernanke's pet theory
								is merely an academic pipe-dream. 
  His strategy is based on a
								controversial reading of history only accepted by
								disciples of Milton
								Friedman." - Mike Whitney December 9, 2008
  At one point the
								Board of Governors were:
  * Ben
								Salom Bernanke, Chairman  * Donald Kohn, Vice-Chairman * Frederic
								Mishkin * Kevin Warsh (married to Jane Lauder*)   *Randall Kroszner*
								(American
								Enterprise Institute affiliate) 
   2009
								Bank of England
								gives itself £ 75 billion, with a fungible entry and a click of the
								mouse, to purchase its own outstanding
								bonds.
  "And every practical man - every man who knows the scene of
								action - will agree that our system of banking, based on a single reserve in
								the Bank of England, cannot
								be altered, or a system of many banks, each keeping its own reserve, be
								substituted for it. Nothing but a revolution would effect it, and there is
								nothing to cause a revolution." - Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A
								Description of the Money Market, 1873
   
								
   
								   
								  
  
  2019
								  The interbank rate is 2.5%.
  Basically there are four
								investment funds  the Big Four  that control the US economy: BlackRock, Vanguard
								Group, State Street, Fidelity.
  The 8 largest US financial
								companies  JP Morgan, Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, Bancorp, Bank of New York Mellon and
								Morgan Stanley  are 100%
								controlled by ten shareholders. 
  The "big four" are major shareholders
								in all of these 8 financial institutions. 
  Some of the major companies
								controlled by the Big Four include: 
   Altria Group, AT&T, Home Depot, Intel,
								United Technologies, Hewlett-Packard, Alcoa, American International
								Group, Boeing, Caterpillar, Coca-Cola, DuPont, ExxonMobil, General Electric, General Motors, Honeywell
								International, International Business
								Machines, Johnson &
								Johnson, JP Morgan
								Chase, McDonald's, Merck, Microsoft, 3M, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, Verizon, Wal-Mart Stores, Time Warner, Walt Disney, Viacom, News Corp, CBS, NBC Universal
  2020 The
								interbank rate, the rate of interest charged on short-term loans made between
								US banks, is 1.75%.
  Meet BlackRock, Great Vampire Squid, "Global Financial
								Giant"
   
								
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